A cross-sectional study to evaluate etiopathogenesis, clinical features, complications, and treatment of patients of chronic kidney disease

ABSTRACT

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by a decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and histological evidence of reduction in nephron population. CKD divided in five stages according to the estimated GFR (eGFR) and lower eGFR suggests more complications. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to study etiology, clinical features, complications, and correlation of complication to stages of CKD. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out among patients who were diagnosed as CKD based on the National Kidney Foundation definition during August, 2019–November 2021. They were evaluated by history taking, clinical examination, and laboratory investigations and data collected and analyzed about etiology, clinical features, and complications of CKD according to the stage. Necessary approval from Institutional Ethics Committee was taken for the study. Results: Chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN) was the most common diagnosis (51, 51%), followed by diabetic nephropathy (22, 22.0%), 73 (73%) had symptoms suggestive of volume overload state such as pedal edema, puffiness of face, and abdominal distension. Oliguria was present in 69 (69%) and 76 (76%) had dyspnea, anemia presents in 90%, cardiovascular disease in 50% in which the most common was left ventricular hypertrophy. Conclusion: CGN is the most common cause of CKD. Severity of anemia and hyperphosphatemia is directly proportional to stage of CKD. Dyspnea and oliguria were the most common manifestations of CKD in the study population. Three-fourth patients of study were treated with some form of renal replacement therapy (hemodialysis and renal transplant).