Oral Microbiome and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: An Update.

ABSTRACT

From last decade of the 20th century, numerous epidemiological studies and intervention trials have attempted to prove the relationships between maternal oral diseases and adverse pregnancy outcomes (APO). Several physiological, immunological and hormonal changes occurring during pregnancy ensures the woman’s body maintenance throughout the gestational period and the development of foetus. Studies have reported changes in the maternal microbiome in the gut, vagina, and oral cavity during pregnancy. Infections at the foetomaternal interface are known to upregulate the production of local proinflammatory cytokines, metalloproteinases and prostaglandins leading to membrane weakening, early rupture of membranes and uterine contractions. A clear understanding of the association between oral microorganisms and adverse birth outcomes conveys significant health implications. In this paper we reviewed the current literature regarding the link between oral microbiome and adverse pregnancy outcomes including preterm birth, chorioamnionitis, neonatal sepsis, stillbirth, and preeclampsia.