Diabetes in old age: an emerging epidemic.

ABSTRACT

Diabetes in the elderly is emerging as one of the most important public health problems of the 21st century. In developing countries, the majority of people with diabetes are in the age range of 45-64 years. A better understanding on the pathogenesis of diabetes in the aging population is required to successfully treat and prevent its devastating complications. Changes in body composition with accumulation of fat in the abdomen is a key factor in the causation of diabetes in the aging population. The size and strength of skeletal muscle, a major tissue involved in glucose metabolism, also declines leading to muscle weakness and a reduction in physical activity. These changes lead to marked reduction in energy expenditure and abdominal fat accumulation causing insulin resistance. Recent evidence suggests that four months of aerobic exercise can improve muscle oxidative capacity similarly in younger and older people, but that insulin sensitivity is less likely to improve in older people. It appears that older people need to exercise more frequently to improve their insulin sensitivity. Diagnosis and management of diabetes in the elderly requires special attention since age, genetics, body composition and lifestyle factors all interact. Increasing evidence suggests that postprandial hyperglycemia is more sensitive to diagnose diabetes in elderly people than in the young. Age related changes in body function and cognition demand special caution in the selection of hypoglycemic drugs in the elderly. Targets of diabetes therapy in the elderly have to be individualized, considering the age of the patient, remaining life-expectancy and severity of co-morbid conditions. Short acting insulin secretogogues are preferred to avoid prolonged and frequent hypoglycemia. Judicious choice of insulin sensitizers, timely introduction of insulin, meticulous control of hypertension and hyperlipidemia are critical to prevent complications.