Study of risk factors associated with hypospadias / 中华泌尿外科杂志

ABSTRACT

Objective To study the risk factors which lead to increase in the incidence rate of hypospadias. Methods A case-control design was used.The mothers of 210 cases and 420 controls were interviewed by telephone or face-to-face,and the questionnaires were answered.Thirty probable risk factors were investigated.Statistical analysis was performed using univariate and multivariate unconditional Logistic regression analyses for evaluation of the data. Results All boys with hypospadias in the case group were of Han nationality.Only 5 cases had positive family history.Odds ratio (OR) of the factors investigated werepregnant age (OR,38.63),threatened abortion (OR,4.71),progestin (OR,3.64),estrogen (OR,5.1),pesticide (OR,2.39),organic solvents (OR,2.12),season of pregnancy (OR,1.86) and detergent (OR, 1.87).But OR of frequency of abortion,weeks of gestation and birth weight were less than 1.The results of other 17 investigated factors were negative. Conclusions Threatened abortion,nonfull-term fetus,low birth weight and some environmental endocrine-disturbing chemicals ( pesticide,detergent,organic solvents,progestin and estrogen) may be risk factors associated with hypospadias.These environmental endocrine-disturbing chemicals may increase the incidence rate of hypospadias.