The efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitor for bladder cancer and the management of immune-related adverse events / 中华泌尿外科杂志

ABSTRACT

Bladder cancer remains a highly immunogenic and refractory malignant tumor today.Cancer immunotherapy is coming of age;it has prompted a paradigm shift in oncology treatment,in which therapeutic agents are used to target immune cells rather than cancer cells.Immunotherapy blocking immune checkpoints have been recently been applied to many aggressive cancers and changed interventions of urological cancers including advanced bladder cancer.The inhibition of PD-1/PD-L1 interactions can restore antitumor T-cell activity and enhance the cellular immune attack on antigens.The overall goals of this review are to introduce current cancer immunotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors,and to determine whether bladder cancer patients could benefit from this new cancer therapy through analyzing data in clinical trials.Furthermore,this review will also discuss the diagnosis and management of immune-related adverse events (irAEs),which deserve particular attention due to impact on the outcome of patients receiving these therapies.