Indirect Ultrasound Guidance Increased Accuracy of the Glenohumeral Injection Using the Superior Approach: A Cadaveric Study of Injection Accuracy

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether or not indirect ultrasound guidance could increase the accuracy of the glenohumeral joint injection using the superior approach. METHODS: Twelve shoulders from 7 adult cadavers were anatomically dissected after a dye injection had been performed, while the cadavers were in the supine position. Before the injection, a clinician determined the injection point using the ultrasound and the more internal axial arm rotation was compared to how it was positioned in a previous study. Injection confidence scores and injection accuracy scores were rated. RESULTS: The clinician's confidence score was high in 92% (11 of 12 shoulders) and the injection accuracy scores were 100% (12 of 12 shoulders). The long heads of the biceps tendons were not penetrated. CONCLUSION: Indirect ultrasound guidance and positioning shoulder adducted at 10degrees and internally rotated at 60degrees-70degrees during the superior glenohumeral joint injection would be an effective method to avoid damage to the long head of biceps tendons and to produce a highly accurate injection.