Surgical Treatment of Degenerative and Isthmic Spondylolisthesis / 대한척추외과학회지

ABSTRACT

The etiology of spondylolisthesis, which determines the pathoanatomy and natural course, includes the abnormal development of lumbosacrum and various acquired conditions. Many patients with symptomatic degenerative and isthmic spondylolisthesis respond to non-surgical treatments, such as modification of their daily activity, medication, physical therapy and nerve block.