Progress in the application of immunotherapy strategies based on tumor immune microenvironment in advanced renal clear cell carcinoma / 中华泌尿外科杂志

ABSTRACT

Recent clinical studies have found that there are still a large number of patients who do not respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Improving immunotherapy response in ccRCC patients is an urgent clinical need. Targeting different components of the tumor immune microenvironment becomes a breakthrough point for overcoming the immunotherapy resistance and optimizing therapeutic strategies in advanced ccRCC. Several novel immunotherapeutic strategies are currently under clinical investigation, including targeting other co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory molecules, modified cytokine therapies, small-molecule immunomodulators, targeting immune metabolism, and cancer vaccines, each of which target different immunomodulatory pathways in the tumor immune microenvironment for the treatment of ccRCC. In this paper, we provide an overview of the current challenges faced by immunotherapy for advanced ccRCC and review novel immunotherapy strategies based on the tumor immune microenvironment.