Anemia, interleukin-10, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and erythropoietin levels in children with acute, complicated and uncomplicated malignant malaria in Jazan, Saudi Arabia

To gain insight into potential relationships between tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-alpha], interleukin 10 [IL-10], erythropoietin [EPO], and anemia in acute malaria, 90 children 3 to 11 years with acute malaria were studied. According to parasitemia and hemoglobin levels, they were divided into 3 groups: Gl [mild]: asexual low-density Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia <8000 parasites/ul and hemoglobin levels >8g/dl. G2 [high-density uncomplicated]: asexual high-density parasitemia [>8000 parasites/ul, with hemoglobin levels >8 g/dl. G3 [anemia]: with severe malaria symptoms and parasitemia with anemia [hemoglobin levels <8 g/dl]. Hospital controls included 10 children with matching age group who required inpatient management but had no malaria parasitemia. Good marrow response was in Gl and G2 showed by elevation of serum EPO and soluble transferring receptors [sTfR] and increased red cell distribution width [RDW]. In G3, bone marrow suppression was in spite of increased EPO level in response to anemia. TNF-alpha level was significantly higher G2 and G3 [P.05]. IL-10 levels in Gl were significantly higher than in hospital control group [P<0.05]. The highest level of IL-10 was in G2. The mean EL-10 to TNF- alpha ratio in G2 [4.64] was significantly higher [P<.005] than in G3 [mean ratio, 1.77]