role of attachment styles and defense mechanisms in discriminating cigarette smoker students from non-smokers

ABSTRACT

Background and Purpose: It is believed that insecure attachment styles and immature defense mechanisms render individuals vulnerable to cigarette and substance use; these people experience more negative emotions and have fewer options for reducing psychological distresses. The aim of the present research was to investigate the role of attachment styles defense mechanisms and health status in discriminating cigarette-smoker students from non-smokers