Production of monovalent anti-Bothrops asper antivenom: development of immune response in horses and neutralizing ability

ABSTRACT

A monovalent antivenom was produced by immunozing two horses with venom of the pit viper Bothrops asper (Ophidia Viperidae). Although development of the immune response against four toxic and enzymatic activitiesof the venom was similar in both horses during the first two thirds of the immunization schedule, antibody response in one of the horses reached much higher levels in the last part of the immunization. Immunoelectrophoretic analysis indicates that there were precipitating antibodies in the sera of these horses during all the stages of immunization. However, immunoprecipitation did not correlated with the ability of sera to neutralize toxic activities of B. asper venom. Monovalent antivenom was more effective than the commercialy available polyvalent antivenom in the neutralization of Bothrops asper venom. On the other hand, despite the fact that it neutralizes lethal and hemorrhagic activities of the venoms of Lachesia muta and Crotalus durissus, it was less effective than polyvalent antivenom in these neutralizations. Moreover, it does not neutalize defibrinating activity induced by these two venoms, whereas it neutralizes this effect in the case of B. asper venom. It is proposed that monovalent antivenom my be highly effective in the case of envenomations induced by Bothrops asper venom; its use in treating accidentsby L. muta and C. durissus would be indicated only of polyvalent antivenom is not available. Results also demonstrate that it is important to monitor antibody response individually in horses being immunized for antivenom production, due to the conspicuous variability in the response of different animals.