N-nitrosamines in baby bottle nipples and pacifiers

RESUMO

N-nitrosamines - potent carcinogenic, embryopathic, teratogenic and mutagenic agents - hve been detected in baby bottle nipples and pacifiers. Due to children's special vulnerability to the toxic effects of these compounds, some countries have established limits and worked with industries to minimize their levels. However, in several other countries where the problem of high levels still exists, recommendations to minimize exposure are of importance. This article reviews the source as well as the types and levels of N-nitrosamines, nitrosatable amines and nitramines in baby bottle nipples and pacifiers. In addition, the effect of sterilization, migration of these compounds into water, milk, infant formulas, juices and saliva as well as their in vivo formation are discussed