Relación entre los factores que determinan los síntomas depresivos y los hábitos alimentarios en adultos mayores de México / Relationship between determining factors for depressive symptoms and for dietary habits in older adults in Mexico

RESUMEN

OBJETIVO: Determinar los factores comunes asociados tanto con los hábitos alimentarios de los adultos mayores que viven en la comunidad como con los síntomas depresivos. MÉTODOS: Se efectuó un análisis secundario de los datos provenientes de México, D.F., del estudio multicéntrico Salud, Bienestar y Envejecimiento (SABE) realizado entre 1999 y 2000. Se estudiaron las siguientes variables presencia o ausencia de síntomas depresivos, según la escala de depresión geriátrica de Yesavage (EDG); el estado cognoscitivo, según la puntuación obtenida en una versión modificada del examen mínimo del estado mental de Folstein (EMEM abreviado); y la funcionalidad, mediante el índice de actividades básicas de la vida diaria de Katz. A las personas que obtuvieron una suma total de 12 puntos o menos en el EMEM abreviado se les aplicó el cuestionario sobre actividades funcionales o de Pfeffer, para evaluar su capacidad de realizar las actividades cotidianas. Mediante autoinforme se obtuvo información acerca de las características materiales, físicas, psicológicas y sociales relacionadas con la compra, la preparación y el consumo de los alimentos y del estado de la salud bucal en los últimos 12 meses. Con las variables asociadas significativamente con el resultado de la EDG se realizó un análisis de regresión multifactorial, se elaboraron diversos modelos y se utilizaron las variables asociadas significativamente en un análisis de regresión lineal multifactorial por pasos para conocer el conjunto que mejor explicaba el resultado obtenido con la EDG. RESULTADOS: La edad promedio de los participantes fue de 64,4 ± 8,6 años y la prevalencia de síntomas depresivos fue de 66 por ciento. El puntaje obtenido en la EDG mostró una asociación con la hipertensión arterial (P < 0,01), pero no con la presencia autoinformada de diabetes, neoplasias, enfermedad cerebrovascular, enfermedad pulmonar o enfermedad cardíaca. Sin embargo, el uso de prótesis dental (P < 0,01), la incontinencia urinaria (P < 0,01) y las caídas (P < 0,01) se asociaron significativamente con los resultados de la EDG. El consumo de productos lácteos, carne, pescado y aves, y el de frutas y verduras fue significativamente menor en el grupo que presentaba síntomas depresivos. Hubo una correlación inversa entre el puntaje obtenido en la EDG por un lado y el número de comidas completas al día (P < 0,01) y la cantidad de líquido ingerido (P < 0,01) por el otro...

ABSTRACT

Objective. To determine the factors that are commonly associated with both the dietary habits of older adults living in the community and depressive symptoms in this group. Methods. Secondary analysis of data on Mexico City obtained by means of the multicenter study on Health, Well-being, and Aging (Salud, Bienestar y Envejecimiento, SABE) that was carried out in 1999 and 2000. The following variables were examined presence or absence of depressive symptoms, according to Yesavage's Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS); mental status, as reflected by the score obtained on a modified, shortened version of Folstein's Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE); and functional capacity, as measured by Katz' Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living. Those whose score on the shortened MMSE was 12 points or less were asked to respond to the Pfeffer Functional Activities Questionnaire, which was used to assess their ability to perform the basic activities of daily living. Information was obtained through self-report on the material, physical, psychological, and social aspects of purchasing, preparing, and consuming food products and of oral health status during the most recent 12-month period. Variables that were significantly associated with the results obtained on the GDS were included in a multivariate regression analysis; several statistical models were created, and variables that were shown to be statistically significant in the stepwise multivariate linear regression were used to determine the best-fitting explanatory model for the results obtained on the GDS. Results. The average age of study participants was 64.4 ± 8.6 years, and the prevalence of depressive symptoms was 66%. The score obtained on the GDS showed a significant association with the presence of arterial hypertension (P < 0.01), but not with the self-reported presence of diabetes, neoplasia, stroke, lung disease or heart disease. However, the use of dental prostheses (P < 0.01), urinary incontinence (P < 0.01), and falls (P < 0.01) were significantly associated with the results on the GDS. The intake of milk products, meat, fish, fowl, fruit, and vegetables was significantly lower in the group that had depressive symptoms. An inverse correlation was detected between the score obtained on the GDS on the one hand, and the number of complete meals consumed during the day (P < 0.01) and total fluid intake (P < 0.01) on the other. The determining factors that were most closely associated with these results were, in addition to the presence of arterial hypertension, the presence of cognitive impairment (P < 0.01), difficulty performing the basic activities of daily living (P = 0.03) and the instrumental activities of daily living (P < 0.01), poor mobility (P < 0.01), difficulty using the telephone (P < 0.01), and the self-perception of having poor memory (P < 0.01), of having insufficient resources with which to live (P < 0.01), and of having poor oral health (P < 0.01). These variables explained 31% of the variance seen in the R2 values linked to the SDG variables that were incorporated into the final explanatory model. Conclusion. A number of determining factors for depressive symptoms and the results obtained on the GDS resemble the factors that determine poor dietary habits among older adults. The potential existence of common causative mechanisms calls attention to the need for designing interventions aimed at preventing both types of problems and their negative consequences. These results confirm the need to take dietary habits and other parameters into account when studying depression in older adults