Tratamento da tuberculose da coluna vertebral: conservador ou cirúrgico? / Treatment of spinal tuberculosis: conservative or surgical?

RESUMO

Desde a primeira descrição por Percivall Pott da tuberculose de coluna vertebral, tem-se evoluído muito na abordagem dessa doença. Porém ainda existem muitas controvérsias em relação à prevenção das deformidades. Os objetivos de nosso estudo são avaliar as características clínicas e radiológicas de pacientes com tuberculose de coluna e comparar o tratamento conservador isolado com o cirúrgico associado a antibioticoterapia, principalmente quanto à deformidade residual e déficit neurológico. Nosso trabalho é retrospectivo com avaliação de prontuários e radiografias iniciais e ao final do seguimento. O quadro neurológico foi avaliado através da escala da ASIA e as deformidades foram medidas pelo método de Cobb. Foram avaliados 38 pacientes, 11 pacientes foram operados e 27 receberam somente antibioticoterapia. 15 pacientes tinham déficit neurológico, todos melhoraram independente do tipo de tratamento. A média de cifose torácica focal e regional no início do seguimento foi respectivamente 48,8° e 47,86°. Houve aumento da deformidade na região torácica, segmento mais acometido, de 6,3° focal e 9,8 regional ao final de 5 anos. O tipo de tratamento não influenciou na progressão da cifose. Paciente com menos de 15 anos e cifose maior que 30° tiveram pior prognóstico quanto à progressão da deformidade.

ABSTRACT

Much has evolved since Percivall Pott's first description of vertebral tuberculosis. However, there still is much controversy regarding the best approaches to prevent deformities. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the clinical and X-ray characteristics of patients with vertebral tuberculosis and to compare the conservative treatment alone to the surgical one associated with antibiotic therapy, particularly regarding residual deformity and neurological deficit. A retrospective evaluation of baseline and end-point X-ray studies and of the medical files was performed. The neurological status was evaluated by using the ASIA scale and the deformities were measured using the Cobb method. Thirty-eight patients were evaluated 11 were surgically treated and 27 received only antibiotics. Fifteen patients presenting neurological deficit showed improvement regardless of the treatment method employed. The mean focal and regional thoracic kyphosis at baseline was 48.8° and 47.86°, respectively. An increased incidence of thoracic deformity was found, also being the most affected segment, from 6.3° focal and 9.8° regional after 5 years. The type of treatment has not interfered on kyphosis progression. Patients below the age of 15 and with kyphosis above 30° had worse prognosis regarding deformity progression.