Identificación de factores de riesgo de embarazo en población adolescente escolar urbana y rural colombiana / Identifying risk factors for pregnancy amongst Colombian adolescents from urban and rural school populations

RESUMEN

Objetivo: Estimar los factores intervinientes para el embarazo en población adolescente escolarizada. Metodología: Estudio observacional de corte transversal con 7 068 jóvenes escolarizados entre 11 y 20 años de edad de 14 colegios públicos de Bogotá y municipios aledaños. Se aplicó encuesta auto diligenciada que indaga factores socio-demográficos, familiares, sentimentales y conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas de sexualidad. Resultados: Edad media de encuestados 15,3 años. Haber recibido información sobre planificación 80 %. Reconocer ciclo menstrual 32 %. Prevalencia de haber tenido relaciones sexuales 40 %. Vida sexual activa 20 %. Prevalencia de embarazo 4 % y de aborto de 1 %. Factores de riesgo No haber recibido información sobre planificación vs. (Versus) entender con dudas sobre planificación (OR 0,1 con IC 95 % de 0,03-0,4). Haber tenido aborto previo (OR 7,8 IC 95 % 2,3-25,8). No planificó en primera relación (OR de 3,9 IC 95 % de 2,2–7). No se encontraron como factores de riesgo la autoestima, la relación con padres y la percepción de futuro. Conclusiones: El embarazo en adolescentes parece más una situación accidental propiciada por desconocimiento, que propia de adolescentes con problemas.

ABSTRACT

Objective: Assessing risk factors for pregnancy in an adolescent school population. Methodology: A cross-sectional observational study was carried out on 7,068 ado-lescents whose ages ranged from 11 to 20 years who were attending 14 public schools in Bogotá and the surrounding municipalities. A self-questionnaire was ad-ministered focusing on socio-demographic, family and sentimental factors and the adolescents' knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding sexuality. Results: The average age was 15.3 years. 80 % had received family-planning in-formation; 32 % recognised the menstrual cycle. The prevalence of sexual activity was 40 % and 20 % were leading a sexually-active life. The prevalence of preg-nancy was 4 % and the declared abortion rate was 1%. The risk factors involved not having received information about family-planning compared to understanding family-planning but with some doubts (OR 0.1 0.03 to 0.4 95 % CI), previous abor-tion (OR 7.8 2.3 to 25.8 95 % CI), not having planned against pregnancy during the first sexual relationship (OR 3.9 2.2-7 95 % CI). Self-esteem, relationship with parents and perception of the future were not identified as being risk factors. Conclusions: Teenage pregnancy seemed to be an accidental situation due to lack of knowledge rather than occurring because some teenagers were having trouble.