Riesgo cardiovascular durante el climaterio y la menopausia en mujeres de Santa Cruz del Norte, Cuba / Cardiovascular risk during perimenopause and menopause in women of Santa Cruz del Norte, Cuba

RESUMEN

Antecedentes El estudio del climaterio se ha elevado por ser un problema socio-demográfico dado el incremento de la esperanza de vida de la mujer. Objetivo: Identificar factores de riesgo cardiovasculares en mujeres climatéricas y menopáusicas de Santa Cruz del Norte en el período 2011 y 2012. Método: Se realizó un estudio analítico transversal con un universo de 317 mujeres atendidas en consulta y una muestra escogida al azar de 186 divididas en un grupo de 93 pacientes en etapa del climaterio o menopausia y 93 mujeres entre 20 y 39 años. Los datos se recolectaron mediante encuesta y para el análisis estadístico se emplearon medidas descriptivas y pruebas inferenciales. Resultados: Las pacientes climatéricas presentaron significativamente mayor circunferencia de cintura (t=5,2696; p=0,0000), índice cintura-cadera (t=2,2070; p=0,0298), índice de masa corporal (t=7,1652; p=0,0000), y valores de colesterol (t=4,2531; p=0,0001), triglicéridos (t=2,5980; p=0,0109) y glicemia (t=2,5274; p=0,0132). Se observó correlación fuerte y significativa entre la edad y los valores de índice cintura-cadera (r=0,8116; p=0,0000) y de glicemia (r=0,8400; p=0,0000). Hubo una débil pero significativa correlación entre la edad y la circunferencia de cintura (r=0,2875; p=0,0000), índice de masa corporal (r=0,3246; p=0,0000) y colesterol (r=0,2876; p=0,0000). Hubo más fumadoras entre las climatéricas (p=0,0360) y ambos grupos fueron similares en tensión arterial, hábitos alimentarios y actividad física. Conclusiones: Durante el climaterio y menopausia se produce un incremento en algunos valores antropométricos y metabólicos, que incrementan el riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares en esta etapa.

ABSTRACT

Background: The study of the climacteric has risen, being a social and demographic problem due to the increase of the life expectancy of women. Aims: To identify cardiovascular risk factors during climacteric and menopause in women from North's Santa Cruz in 2011 and 2012. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted with a universe of 317 women attended in consultation and a random sample of 186 divided in a group of 93 patients in climacteric or menopause stage and other of 93 women between 20 and 39 years old. The data were collected by survey, and for the statistical analysis a descriptive measures and inferential tests were used. Results: Climacteric patients presented significantly greater waist circumference (t=5.2696; p=0.0000), waist-hip index (t=2.2070; p=0.0298), body mass index (t=7.1652; p=0.0000), and values of cholesterol (t=4.2531; p=0.0001), triglycerides (t=2.5980; p=0.0109) and fasting glucose (t=2.5274; p=0.0132). It was observed strong and significant correlation between age and values of waist-hip index (r=0.8116; p=0.0000) and fasting glucose (r=0.8400; p=0.0000). There was a weak but significant correlation between age and waist circumference (r=0.2875; p=0.0000), body mass index (r=0.3246; p=0.0000) and cholesterol (r=0.2876; p=0.0000). There were more smokers between climacteric (p=0.0360) and both groups were similar in blood pressure, nourishing habits and physical activity. Conclusion: During the climacteric and menopause, an increase in some anthropometric and metabolic values take place, that increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases in this stage.