Factores de riesgo para alteraciones de la densidad mineral ósea en mujeres posmenopáusicas / Risk factors for alterations in bone mineral density in postmenopausal women

RESUMEN

OBJETIVO: Determinar los factores de riesgo para presentar alteraciones de la densidad mineral ósea (DMO) en mujeres posmenopáusicas atendidas en la consulta de Menopausia y Climaterio de la Maternidad "Dr. Armando Castillo Plaza", de Maracaibo, Venezuela. MÉTODOS: Investigación descriptiva, con diseño no experimental y transeccional, donde se evaluó la DMO y los factores de riesgo para presentar osteoporosis en 60 mujeres posmenopáusicas. RESULTADOS: La medición de la DMO resultó en promedio de 957,45 ± 149,95 y 905,00 ± 151,25 gramos, con índices T de -0,52 ± 1,66 y -0,55 ± 2,67 en columna vertebral y cuello femoral, respectivamente. Se estableció una prevalencia de osteoporosis del 10% y 5%, y de osteopenia del 43,3% y 50% en columna vertebral y fémur, respectivamente. La menopausia quirúrgica (OR [95% CI] = 4,75 [1,58-14,25]; p=0,004), el consumo excesivo de café (OR [95% CI] = 3,20 [1,40-7,10 1]; p=0,000) o gaseosas (OR [95% CI] = 2,50 [1,18-5,60]; p=0,002), tabaquismo (OR [95% CI] = 1,70 [1,102,80]; p=0,013) y la ausencia de suplementación de calcio más vitamina D (OR [95% CI] = 1,70 [1,00-2,80]; p=0,019) resultaron ser factores significativamente asociados al diagnóstico de osteoporosis u osteopenia (p<0,05). CONCLUSIÓN: Las mujeres posmenopáusicas evaluadas presentan una alta prevalencia de alteraciones en la DMO, principalmente osteopenia, y factores de riesgo para presentar Osteoporosis.

ABSTRACT

AIM: To determine risk factors for presenting alterations in bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women attending the consultation of Menopause and Menopause Maternity "Dr. Armando Castillo Plaza", Maracaibo, Venezuela. METHODS: A descriptive research with non-experimental and transactional design where was evaluated BMD and risk factors for developing osteoporosis in 60 postmenopausal women. RESULTS: The BMD measurement was averaged in 957.45 ± 149.95 and 905.00 ± 151.25 grams; with T indexes of -0.52 ± 1.66 and -0.55 ± 2.67 in spine and femoral neck, respectively. The prevalence of osteoporosis was 10% and 5%, while osteopenia was 43.3% and 50% in spine and femur, respectively. Surgical menopause (OR [95% CI] = 4.75 [1.58 to 14.25]; p=0.004); excessive coffee consumption (OR [95% CI] = 3.20 [1,40- 7.10 1]; p=0.000) or gaseous beverages (OR [95% CI] = 2.50 [1.18 to 5.60]; p=0.002); smoking (OR [95% CI] = 1.70 [1.10 to 2.80]; p=0.013) and the absence of supplemental calcium plus vitamin D (OR [95% CI] = 1.70 [1.00 to 2.80]; p=0.019) were be factors significantly associated with the diagnosis of osteoporosis or osteopenia (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The evaluated postmenopausal women have a high prevalence of abnormal BMD, especially osteopenia, and risk factors for developing osteoporosis.