Safety and immunogenicity of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine in children born to HIV-1 infected women.

ABSTRACT

This prospective cohort study was conducted to determine the complication of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination given to newborn infants born to HIV-1 seropositive mothers and to compare the tuberculin reaction 9 months after BCG vaccination between HIV-1 infected and non infected children. Two hundred and twenty-three infants with BCG immunization at birth were examined. No BCG complication was noted. Tuberculin skin tests were performed on 126 children (56.5%). Eleven of them were excluded because of failure to have skin tests read at 48 hours. Of the 115 infants enrolled to this study, 15 (13%) had no BCG scar and 50 (43.5%) had no tuberculin reaction. Twenty-six children were classified as group 1 or HIV-1 infected children and 89 children were group 2 or HIV-1 non infected. Group 1 children had a smaller tuberculin skin response (X+SD) than group 2 (1.15 +/- 2.82 vs 4.64 +/- 4.29 mm; p < 0.0001). Mean weight + SD of group 1 children was also significantly less than those in group 2 (8,013 +/- 741 vs 8,540 +/- 984 g; p < 0.05). The proportion of children with non reactivity to the tuberculin test, a negative tuberculin test and no BCG scar in group 1 was significantly higher than that in group 2 (76.9% vs 33.7%, 92.3% vs 52.8% and 36.4% vs 6.7% respectively; p < 0.0001 for all). But, the proportion of non reactivity to the tuberculin test in children with or without BCG scar of each group was not different (p > 0.05). Positive tuberculin tests were 7.7% and 47.2% in group 1 and 2 respectively. None of the children with positive tuberculin tests had clinical evidence of tuberculosis. The findings of this study indicate that BCG vaccine given to newborn infants of HIV-1 seropositive mothers is safe. Although tuberculin skin responses of HIV-1 infected children are less than those of HIV-1 non-infected children, it is possible that BCG vaccine might protect these children from developing severe tuberculosis.