Enzymes that regulate ethylene levels--1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase, ACC synthase and ACC oxidase.

ABSTRACT

The plant enzymes, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase and ACC oxidase, catalyze essential steps in the biosynthesis of the phytohormone ethylene; the microbial enzyme ACC deaminase catalyses the hydrolytic cleavage of ACC, the immediate precursor of ethylene, and is therefore an inhibitor of ethylene biosynthesis. In this manuscript, the biochemical properties and mechanisms of these three enzymes and the genes that encode them are examined and compared. Despite the fact that ACC oxidase and ACC deaminase both act on the same substrate, i.e., ACC, these two enzymes and the mechanisms that they employ are quite different. Conversely, although ACC synthase catalyses the synthesis of ACC and ACC deaminase catalyses its hydrolysis, these enzymes share a number of important physical and biochemical properties.