The pathogenesis of dry eye disease and trends in treatment

ABSTRACT

Dry eye disease (also known as keratoconjunctivitis sicca) is a multifactorial disease of the tear film and ocular surface. It results in various symptoms of discomfort such as pain, tearing, fatigue, and headache. Visual function can also deteriorate, and quality of life is negatively affected. Tear film instability which may lead to damage to the ocular surface with an inflammatory reaction is key to the pathogenesis of dry eye disease. This review discussed the classification, pathogenesis, diagnostic approaches, and treatment options of dry eye disease.