Progress in surgical treatment of inverted nipples / 第二军医大学学报

ABSTRACT

Nipple inversion is a common female disease which can be caused by congenital factors or acquired factors. According to the severity, nipple inversion can be divided into 3 levels. It can not only affect the shape and function of the breast, but also induce serous mastitis. Scholars have conducted many basic and clinical studies to correct the inverted nipple, and the current main methods included surgical and nonsurgical treatment. Due to the individual differences of patients and different surgical operation habits of surgeons, although many methods have been reported, there has been no single operation method which can correct all types of nipple retraction. This paper summarizes the progress of surgical treatment of nipple retraction in recent years, with emphasis on the pros and cons of three surgical methods: dermal flap, traction, minimally invasive and endoscopic fibrous tissue release.