Cryptosporidium species in HIV patients in Alexandria, Egypt: distribution and associated clinical findings

ABSTRACT

@#Cryptosporidium sp. cause opportunistic infections in HIV patients. Molecular differentiation provides a better understanding of the epidemiology and clinical variations of cryptosporidiosis. The present work studied the species of Cryptosporidium in HIV patients and their associated demographic and clinical features. The study included 100 adult HIV patients receiving antiretroviral therapy in Egypt. Cryptosporidium infection was diagnosed by modified ZiehlNeelsen (MZN) stain and PCR amplification of COWP gene. The infecting species were molecularly identified by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and DNA sequencing. Data were analyzed using Kappa (K) agreement, Mann–Whitney U, odds ratio and the 95% confidence interval, Chi-squared and Monte Carlo significance (MCp) tests. The statistical significance was judged at the 5% level. A total of 16 Cryptosporidium positive cases were detected (16%), with good agreement between PCR and MZN (K = 0.763). Among 11 PCR positive samples, RFLP identified C. hominis in five samples, C. parvum in three samples, C. meleagridis in two samples, and mixed C. hominis and C. meleagridis in one sample. Eight samples were successfully sequenced and the results confirmed the RFLP classification. C. hominis was found mainly in urban residents while C. parvum and C. meleagridis were significantly associated with rural areas (MCp =0.01). Diarrhoea and nausea/vomiting were recorded only in the presence of C. hominis infection while abdominal pain was the main symptom in C. parvum and C. meleagridis infections. Drinking water sources, contact with animals, and CD4+ count were not related to infection with a particular species. In conclusion, infection with Cryptosporidium sp. is common and frequently symptomatic in HIV patients in Egypt. The predominant species, C. hominis, C. parvum, and C. meleagridis show a distinct distribution in urban and rural residents.