Factores que explican el apoyo social del adulto mayor en tres ciudades de Colombia. 2016 / Factors that explain the social support of the elderly in three cities of Colombia. 2016

RESUMEN

Resumen Objetivo: Identificar los factores asociados a las dimensiones del apoyo social del adulto mayor en tres ciudades de Colombia Medellín, Barranquilla y Pasto. Método: Estudio cuantitativo, transversal analítico, de fuente de información primaria, obtenida a partir de encuestas realizadas a adultos mayores sobre aspectos demográficos, familiares y sociales, y escalas de medición validadas que permitieron evaluar aspectos como funcionamiento familiar, felicidad, maltrato, depresión, riesgo nutricional y discriminación. El apoyo social percibido se evaluó mediante el Cuestionario de Estudio de Desenlaces Médicos de Apoyo Social (Medical Outcomes Study- Social Support Survey (MOS)). La muestra fue de 1452 personas seleccionadas por muestreo probabilístico por conglomerado, bietápico, en las ciudades de Medellín, Barranquilla y Pasto (Colombia). Se realizó análisis univariado, bivariado y multivariado, se calcularon medidas estadísticas y epidemiológicas. Se consideraron asociaciones estadísticas aquellas con un valor p inferior a 5%. Resultados: Los adultos mayores participantes percibieron un apoyo social adecuado en sus diferentes dimensiones 92% emocional, 93,5% instrumental, 92% interacción social positiva y 93% apoyo afectivo, y 91,9% en el índice global de apoyo. Percibir buen apoyo social fue una condición predominante en los adultos mayores con pareja, sin riesgo de depresión, afiliados al Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud, que se sienten felices, que conviven con al menos dos familiares, que perciben un adecuado funcionamiento familiar, no reciben malos tratos al interior de su familia, tienen al menos cuatro amigos cercanos, no se sienten discriminados, que están acompañados y tienen alguien que los cuidan permanentemente.

ABSTRACT

Abstract Objective: Identify the factors that explain the social support components of the elderly. Methods: Quantitative, cross-sectional, analytical study of a source of primary information, obtained from surveys of older adults. The sample was 1452 people selected by probabilistic sampling by cluster, two-stage. In Medellín, Barranquilla and Pasto. To measure the perceived social support, the Medical. Results Study Social Support Survey was applied. Univariate, bivariate and multivariate analyzes were performed, statistical and epidemiological measures were calculated. Statistical associations considered with a p value of less than 5% were considered. Results: In relation to the social support components of the elderly, with an adequate condition emotional support (92%); instrumental support (93.2%); positive social interaction (92.2%); affective support (93.2%) and in the total evaluation (91.9%). The city of Pasto was the one that selected the lowest percentages, in the different components. Perceiving good social support was a predominant condition in older adults with a partner, without depression, affiliated with the General System of Social Security in Health, happy (through the Lima happiness scale), who live with at least two relatives, with proper family functioning, they do not perceive ill-treatment within their family, they have at least four close friends, they do not feel discriminated against, they do not leave them constantly alone and they have someone to take care of them permanently. Conclusion: Being from the city of Medellín, having a partner, feeling happy, not being alone, as well as not having depression, important factors in each of the components of social support.