Nonopioid versus opioid based general anesthesia technique for laparoscopic cholecystectomy

ABSTRACT

Background: The choices of premedication and anesthetic techniques are able to influence the neurohormonal stress response by modulating the pathophysiological pathways. Various pharmacological agents like nitroglycerine, beta blocker, and opioids were used to decrease surgical stress of laparoscopic procedures to improve outcome, with their own limitations: