Recent advances in the roles of calcium ions [Ca2+] and their antagonism in various body functions

ABSTRACT

This review deals mainly with the importance and the various roles played by Ca[2+] ions [Ca[2+]] in mammalian body functions and the various implications following the prevention of release from. the intracellular stores or the influx from the extracellular fluids. It discusses the molecular mechanisms through which Ca[2+] mediate muscular contractility, secretion of hormones, release of autacoids, neurotransmitters, cytokines and bone formation. Furthermore, the reveiw points out the various disturbances and diseases that follow inappropriate and excessive Ca[2+] release in various organs and the available pharmacological means to normalise it. The review also deals with the various means that regulate the intracellular and the extracellular levels of Ca[2+]. Special emphasis was given to the various types of Ca[2+] channels so far discovered in the mammalian organs. The review concluded by pointing out the shortcomings of the existing organic Ca[2+] channel blockers and the importance of discovery of organ and channel selective Ca[2+] channel blockers with the ultimate goal of decreasing the multiple side effects observed following the use of the existing Ca[2+] channel blockers