Infarto agudo de miocardio en mujeres: características clínicas y evolución a corto y a largo plazo / Acute Myocardial Infarction in Women: Clinical Characteristics and Short-Term and Long-Term Outcomes

RESUMEN

Introducción En América latina se conoce poco acerca de las diferencias entre varones y mujeres con síndrome coronario agudo. La hipótesis del presente trabajo es que el sexo presenta diferente riesgo cardiovascular en el infarto agudo de miocardio. Objetivos Comparar características clínicas y pronóstico a corto y a largo plazo en mujeres (grupo I) y en varones (grupo II) con infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM). Material y métodos Desde enero de 2001 hasta diciembre de 2004 se admitieron en forma prospectiva y consecutiva 536 pacientes con IAM dentro de las 24 horas de evolución. De ellos, 144 (26,9%) eran mujeres (grupo I). Resultados La mediana de edad del grupo I fue mayor (66 [rango intercuartil 25-75 56-75] versus 60 [rango intercuartil 25-75 52-68] años; p < 0,001). Las mujeres fumaban menos (25% versus 46,7%; p < 0,001), tenían menos infarto previo (18,1% versus 25,3%; p = 0,008) y más angina crónica estable (20,8% versus 12%; p = 0,01). Al ingreso, las mujeres estaban más taquicárdicas (80 versus 76 lat/min; p = 0,01), con mayor nivel de urea (0,48 versus 0,36 g/L; p = 0,003) y similar Fey (50% versus 51%; p = 0,27). Tuvieron peor evolución hospitalaria muerte (9,7% versus 4,8%; p = 0,037), angina refractaria (9,7% versus 4,2%; p = 0,039) y edema agudo de pulmón (12,5% versus 5,4%; p = 0,005). Las estrategias de reperfusión en ambos grupos fueron trombolíticos (21,4% versus 20,3%; p = ns) y angioplastia primaria (18,1% versus 21,8%; p = ns). La supervivencia a los 54 meses fue del 77% versus el 85% en los grupos I y II, respectivamente (log rank test p = 0,032). El sexo fue una variable significativa en el análisis univariado (OR = 1,71; p = 0,035). En el modelo proporcional de Cox, las variables significativas de mortalidad fueron edad (HR = 1,033; p = 0,006) y, al ingreso, urea (HR = 4,275; p < 0,001), frecuencia cardíaca (HR = 1,018; p = 0,004) y Killip (HR = 2,771; p = 0,01). Conclusiones Las mujeres admitidas por IAM tienen un perfil de riesgo diferente que los varones, tanto a corto plazo como a largo plazo, a pesar de que son tratadas en forma similar. El sexo no fue un predictor de riesgo independiente en el seguimiento luego de ajustar con otras variables.

ABSTRACT

Background In Latin America, little is known about dissimilarities between men and women with acute coronary syndromes. We hypothesized that there are differences in acute myocardial infarction between both sexes. Objectives To compare the clinical characteristics and short-term and long-term prognosis in women (group I) and men (group II) with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Material and Methods Between January 2001 and December 2004, 536 patients with AMI within 24 hours since the onset of symptoms were prospectively and consecutively admitted. One hundred and forty four (26.9%) were women (group I). Results Median age was greater in group I (66 [interquartile range 25-75 56-75] versus 60 [interquartile range 25-75 52-68] years; p<0.001). The incidence of smoking habits (25% versus 46.7%; p<0.001) as well as of prior myocardial infarction (18.1% versus 25.3%; p=0.008) was lower among women; however, chronic stable angina was more frequent than in men (20.8% versus 12%; p=0.01). Heart rate and BUN were greater at admission (80 versus 76 bpm; p=0.01, and 0.48 versus 0.36 g/L; p=0.003, respectively) but ejection fraction was similar between both groups (50% versus 51%; p=0.27). In-hospital outcomes [death (9.7% versus 4.8%; p=0.037), refractory angina (9.7% versus 4.2%; p=0.039) and acute pulmonary edema (12.5% versus 5.4%; p=0.005)] were worse in women than in men. In both groups, reperfusion strategies were similar thrombolytic therapy (21.4% versus 20.3%; p=ns) and primary angioplasty (18.1% versus 21.8%; p=ns). Survival rates at 54 months were 77% versus 85% in groups I and II, respectively (log rank test p=0,032). Univariate analysis showed that sex was a significant variable (OR=1.71; p=0.035). Cox proportional hazards model found the following significant variables for mortality age (HR=1.033; p=0.006), as well as BUN (HR=4.275; p<0.001), heart rate (HR=1.018; p=0.004) and Killip classification (HR=2.771; p=0.01) at admission. Conclusions Women admitted for AMI have different short-term and longterm risk profiles than men; however, they are treated in a similar fashion. After adjusting for other variables, sex did not emerge as an independent predictor of risk at follow-up.