Incidence and predictors of forearm hematoma during the transradial approach for percutaneous coronary interventions

Background The transradial approach for percutaneous coronary intervention (TRA-PCI) reduces vascular complications compared with the transfemoral approach (TFA). Although hematoma formation is less frequent with the TRA than TFA, it is not uncommon, and its presentation ranges from mild hematoma to compartment syndrome. Incidence and predictors of hematoma have not been well studied. Methods and results The present study was conducted to prospectively evaluate the incidence and predictors of forearm hematoma after TRA-PCI. The study population consisted of consecutive patients undergoing TRA-PCI. Baseline and procedural characteristics and clinical outcomes were prospectively collected. All patients were observed for forearm/arm hematoma immediately after procedure, after band removal, before discharge, and whenever the patient complained of pain/swelling in the limb. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the predictors for hematoma formation. A total of 520 patients who had successfully completed TRA-PCI were included in the final analysis. The mean age was 55.2 ± 9.5 years, and 24% patients were women. Hematoma occurred in 53 (10.2%) patients. Hematomas were of grade I, II, III, and IV in 22 (4.2%), 9 (1.7%), 18 (3.5%), and 4 (0.8%) patients, respectively. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, age, body mass index, multiple puncture attempt, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blocker use, nonclopidogrel agent use for dual antiplatelet therapy, and multiple catheter exchanges emerged as independent predictors for hematoma formation. Conclusions Forearm hematoma following TRA-PCI occurs in about 10% patients. Most hematomas occur near the puncture area. The independent predictors for hematoma formation are age, body mass index, multiple puncture attempts, intensive antiplatelet therapy, and multiple catheter exchanges.