Relación entre la dieta vegetariana y el cáncer colorrectal en Lima, Perú / Relationship between a vegeterian diet and colorectal cancer in Lima, Perú

RESUMEN

OBJETIVO: Determinar la relación que existe entre el consumo de la dieta vegetariana y el cáncer colorrectal en adultos de dos hospitales de Lima. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio analítico de casos y controles considerando exposición al tipo de dieta y efecto al cáncer colorrectal. Se incluyeron 142 casos y 143 controles. Los casos fueron adultos con cáncer colorrectal diagnosticados mediante biopsia y el control fue el adulto sin cáncer colorrectal, atendidos en el mismo período y hospital. Se aplicó una encuesta previamente revisada por expertos, se efectuó un estudio piloto para evaluar comprensión y se realizaron los ajustes pertinentes. Se calculó chi cuadrado, OR y regresión logística. RESULTADOS: La mediana de edad fue 62 años, predominantemente mujeres, la mayoría con nivel educativo secundario. El análisis bivariado mostró que el sexo (X2=13.01; valor p<0.01), el nivel educativo (X2=11.31; valor p=0.01) y el antecedente familiar de cáncer (X2=5.07; valor p=0.02) estuvieron asociados al cáncer colorrectal; mientras que el consumo de AINES (X2=0.009; valor p=0.924), tipo de dieta ((X2=0.60; valor p=0.44)) y la actividad física (X2=0.46; valor p=0.50) no tuvieron asociación significativa. La regresión logística demostró que la dieta vegetariana (OR=0.05; IC 95%: 0.01; 0.59) y la edad (OR=0.94; IC 95%: 0.89; 0.99) estuvieron asociadas al cáncer colorrectal. CONCLUSIONES: El consumo de la dieta vegetariana sería un factor protector del cáncer colorrectal en la población estudiada.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between the consumption of a vegetarian diet and colorectal cancer in adults at two hospitals in Lima. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Am analytic case-control study, considering exposition as type of diet and colorectal cancer as the effect, was conducted in Lima, including 142 cases and 143 controls. The cases were adults with colorectal cancer, diagnosed by biopsy, while the control group consisted of adults without colorectal cancer treated at the same hospital, at the same time. Participants responded an instrument that was previously reviewed through a pilot study to evaluate comprehension of the items, and then adjustments were made, with the support of experts. Chisquared was calculated in a bivariate analysis, and a logistic regression model was constructed. RESULTS: The median age was 62 years. The participants were predominantly women, and most had a high school education. The bivariate analysis showed that sex (X2 = 13.01; p value <0.01), educational level (X2 = 11.31; p-value = 0.01), and family history of cancer (X2 = 5.07; p-value = 0.02) were associated with Colorectal cancer; while consumption of NSAIDs (X2 = 0.009; p-value = 0.924), type of diet ((X2 = 0.60; p-value = 0.44)) and physical activity (X2= 0.46; p-value = 0.50) had no significant association. Logistic regression showed that the vegetarian diet was associated with colorectal cancer (OR = 0.05, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.59) and with age (OR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.89; 0.99). CONCLUSIONS: Vegetarian diet is a protective factor of colorectal cancer in the study population.