Caminhos para a avaliação da formação em odontologia: desenvolvimento, validação e aplicação de critérios / Ways to assess the training in dentistry: development, validation and application criteria

RESUMO

A necessidade da universalização do acesso à saúde e a falência do modelo pedagógico centrado na transmissão de conhecimento tem levado a mudanças na formação de profissionais de saúde. O objetivo deste estudo foi proporcionar uma nova alternativa para avaliação de cursos de Odontologia por meio do desenvolvimento, validação e aplicação de critérios com base nas Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais (DCN). Para tanto, o estudo foi desenvolvido em três etapas desenvolvimento e validação de critérios de avaliação de cursos de Odontologia com base nas DCN; estudo piloto para verificação da aplicabilidade dos critérios validados e avaliação de cursos de Odontologia da região nordeste. Na primeira etapa foi formulado modelo lógico que permitiu a construção de uma matriz de critérios validada por meio da técnica de consenso Delfos modificado, apresentando as dimensões Perfil do egresso, Orientação do cuidado em saúde, Integração ensino-serviço e Abordagem pedagógica. O estudo piloto foi realizado com cinco cursos de Odontologia, por meio de estudo documental dos Projetos Pedagógicos dos Cursos (PPC), aplicação do questionário validado e entrevista com os coordenadores de curso. Os resultados do estudo piloto indicam a possibilidade de serem verificados, por meio dos critérios validados e utilizando-se diferentes propostas metodológicas, avanços e limitações curriculares frente à proposta de reorientação da formação recomendada pelas DCN. A avaliação de cursos de Odontologia da região Nordeste foi realizada a partir da aplicação do questionário validado a coordenadores de 30 cursos, incluindo instituições públicas e privadas.

ABSTRACT

The need for universal access to health and the failure of the pedagogical model centered on the transmission of knowledge has led to changes in the training of health professionals. The objective of this study was to provide a new alternative for evaluating dental students through the development, validation and application of evaluation criteria based on the National Curriculum Guidelines (DCN in Brazil). Therefore, the study was conducted in three phases development and validation of evaluation criteria of Dentistry courses based on the DCN; a pilot study to verify the applicability of the validated criteria and evaluation of the dentistry courses in the Northeast. In the first stage, a logical model was formulated, allowing for the construction of a criteria matrix, validated by a modified Delphi consensus technique. The validated matrix has the following dimensions Profile of graduates, health care guidance, teaching and service integration, and pedagogical approach. The pilot study was conducted in five dental courses through a documentary study of the pedagogical project course (PPC), and application of validated questionnaires and interviews with course coordinators. The results of the pilot study indicate the possibility of being verified by means of validated criteria and using different methodological proposals, advances and curricular limitations facing the proposed reorientation of training recommended by DCN. The evaluation of Northeast Dentistry courses was carried out by applying a questionnaire validating a matrix of 30 course coordinators, including public and private institutions. The data were submitted to descriptive analysis, and also tested the difference between means and the correlation between the assessment of the coordinators in the dimensions and sub-dimensions with each other, among the general evaluation of courses and between the following variables administrative category, time since last curriculum updating, participation in reorienting the training of health professionals programs, ENADE and CPC (Preliminary Concepts of the Course) scores in the year 2013. Positive correlation (p <0.01) was found between the means obtained by the perception of the coordinators in most dimensions, and also between them and the overall performance of the course. There were no significant differences between the coordinators' perception about course performance and the administrative category (public / private). This difference is slightly higher when the average performance is compared with respect to time due to the last curriculum update, getting better performance in courses with the latest updated curriculum, even with there not 11 being this significant difference between dimensions. Better averages of performance were obtained in courses that do not participate in reorientation programs of professional training, with a significant difference (p<0.05) for the overall score and for all dimensions except the dimensions of teaching-service Integration (p = 0.064). There was no significant correlation between the assessment of coordinators in all dimensions, in the overall assessment or ENADE and CPC scores in 2013. The final instrument proposed in this study is a different alternative assessment for health training of both dentists and other professionals, considering that the DCN providing for the training and graduation of professionals is focused on the health needs of the population, integrated with the SUS (the National Brazilian Health System) and based on student-centered learning. (AU)