Reprobación en estudiantes de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México / Academic failure in medical students from the National Autonomous University of Mexico

RESUMEN

Introducción: la reprobación es una de las principales manifestaciones de fracaso escolar, generalmente suele ser relacionada con factores de origen personal, económico, social, cultural, docente o institucional. En otros términos, la reprobación debe ser analizada en un contexto multivariado para identificar sus causas y efectos. Objetivos: identificar los factores que se asocian y predicen la reprobación en alumnos de la carrera de Medicina en 2014. Métodos: estudio exploratorio, transversal, retrospectivo, comparativo. Se analizó un universo de 388 alumnos en servicio social de enero de 2014. Se formaron dos grupos de estudio: Grupo 1 (alumnos que no reprobaron materias durante la carrera) y Grupo 2 (alumnos que sí reprobaron materias durante la carrera). Se elaboró y validó un cuestionario con 58 items relacionadas con: factores sociodemográficos, educativos, de satisfacción de los alumnos y desarrollo de servicio social. De estas, fueron seleccionadas 21 items que pudieran tener relación con la reprobación. Se realizó análisis multivariado, mediante la técnica de análisis discriminante.Resultados: el análisis multivariado reportó que sólo siete de ellas fueron discriminantes significativas asociadas a la reprobación, en orden de importancia son: la edad, ser seleccionado a la residencia, ingreso familiar, sexo, repetición de años durante la primaria o secundaria, años que tardó en ingresar a la carrera y el tipo de actividad realizada durante el servicio social. Conclusiones: la predicción de que un alumno repruebe o no materias en la licenciatura de medicina se debe a la sinergia que se produce entre las siete características mencionadas, no se deben "aislar las variables" para considerarlas predictivas por sí mismas(AU)

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Academic failure is one of the main school manifestations, usually associated with factors of personal, economic, social, cultural, educational or institutional origin. In other words, Academic failure must be analyzed in a diverse and varied context to identify its causes and effects. Objectives: To identify associated factors and predict failure in students of the medical major in 2014. Methods: Exploratory, cross-sectional, retrospective, comparative study. A universe of 388 students in social service was analyzed in January 2014. Two study groups were formed: group 1 (students who did not fail any subjects during the course) and group 2 (students who failed subjects during the course). A questionnaire was elaborated and validated, containing 58 items related to: sociodemographic and educational factors, student satisfaction and social service performance. 21 of these items were chosen as they could be associated with academic failure. A multivariate analysis was performed, using the discriminant analysis technique. Results: The multivariate analysis reported that only seven were significant discriminants associated with academic failure, arranged by importance are: age, being chosen for the residence, family income, sex, retake of academic years in primary or secondary levels, years to enter the major and the type of activity carried out during the social service. Conclusions: The prediction that a student may fail or may not fail subjects in the medical major depends on the synergy between the seven characteristics that were mentioned; the variables should not be isolated to consider them predictive by themselves(AU)