Carcinoma of the urinary bladder in Northern Iraq [histopathological study of the types, grading and pathological staging]

ABSTRACT

Pathological classification and grading of two hundred-eight cases of carcinoma of the urinary bladder was done. Pathological staging was also performed, whenever possible and muscle invasion was particularly looked for and it was seen in twenty-eight cases only, where the muscle layer was there in the biopsy. Transitional-cell carcinoma was the most common type [94.7%]. The majority were of grade 1[42.64%], and grade 2[35.54%]. Grade 3[13. 19%]and grade 4[8.62%] were found to be mainly invasive. The papillary tumour was found to be less invasive than the non-papillary [solid] type. A close relation between grade and pathological stage was noticed. The squamous-cell carcinoma was a rare tumour of the bladder in this part of Iraq. It was highly invasive. These findings are discussed and compared with other studies and in relation to certain factors