effects of pre-Emptive bupivacaine infiltration of the nephrostomy tract in patients undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy: a case controlled study

ABSTRACT

Background percutaneous Nephrolithotomy [PCNL] is a surgical procedure used for the removal of renal stones. The technique is minimally invasive and is often used for the removal of renal stones that are located near the pelvis. The topical administration of local anesthetics in the surgical area has been proven effective in minimizing post-operative pain after various surgical procedures