Cefalea por uso excesivo de medicamentos y adicción a sustancias / Medications overuse headache and substance abuse disorders

RESUMEN

Tanto en los trastornos de dependencia a sustancias (TDS), como en la migraña y cefalea por uso excesivo de medicaciones (CUEM), se implican mecanismos dopaminérgicos y opioides, así como alteraciones en el metabolismo de la corteza orbitofrontal. Si la CUEM y los TDS comparten una fisiopatología común, es de esperar que exista una asociación clínica entre estas entidades nosológicas. Objetivo. Determinar la asociación entre la CUEM y los TDS en una muestra de pacientes que consultaron a neurología general por cefalea diaria crónica. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio de corte observacional analítico transversal. Se tomó una muestra no probabilística, por conveniencia, que incluyó a todos los pacientes mayores de 18 años consecutivos que consultaron por cefalea diaria crónica (CDC) a un consultorio de neurología general entre octubre de 2007 y enero de 2009, a quienes luego de haber dado respuesta a un cuestionario se les hizo una entrevista clínica que indagó datos demográficos, consumo de analgésicos en los últimos tres meses, consumo de cafeína en forma de bebida caliente, dependencia a la nicotina y al alcohol, y antecedente familiar de consumo de alcohol. Los diagnósticos de CUEMy CDC se efectuaron atendiendo criterios de la IHS, y el de TDS según el DSM-IV.

ABSTRACT

In substance related disorders (SRD) like in migraine and Medication Overuse Headache (MOH) are implied dopaminergic and opioids mechanisms, as well as alterations in the metabolism of the orbitofrontal cortex. If the MOH and the SRD share a common physiopathology, it is of hoping exists a clinical association among these entities. Objective. To determine the association between the MOH and the SRD in a sample of patients that consulted with general neurologist for Chronic Daily Headache (CDH). Materials y methods. It was carried out an analytic observational cross sectional study. Was took a for convenience non probabilistic sample, that included all the serial patients 18 years old that consulted for CDH, to a consulting room of general neurology between October of 2007 and January of 2009. The patients responded a self-administrated questionnaire and a clinical interview was carried out that investigated demographic data, analgesic use in the last 3 months, consumption of caffeine in form of hot drink, nicotine dependence, alcohol dependence and family antecedent of consumption of alcohol.The diagnoses of MOH and CDH were carried out according to IHS criteria and that of SRD according to the DSM-IV. Results. A total of 129 patients presented MOH and other 103 patients were diagnosed with CDH without medication overuse. The groups were similar in age, gender, education level, socioeconomic status and the body mass index. There were not differences in the prevalence of consumption of caffeine (49,6% vs. 47,5%; OR=1,1; IC95% 0,67-1,9); nicotine dependence (3,1% vs. 1,0%; OR=3,3 IC95% 0,36-29,4); alcohol dependence (0% vs. 1,9%; OR=0,98; IC95% 0,95-1,0); and family antecedent of consumption of alcohol (45,7% Vs. 43,7%; OR=1,1; IC95% 0,65-1,8) among patient with MOH and CDH without medication overuse. Conclusions: There is not association among consumption of caffeine, nicotine dependence, alcohol dependence and family history of consumption...