Defectos congénitos en un hospital de tercer nivel en Cali, Colombia / Congenital defects in a tertiary level hospital in Cali, Colombia

RESUMEN

OBJETIVO: Determinar la prevalencia global e individual de los defectos congénitos diagnosticados al nacimiento en un hospital de referencia de la ciudad de Cali, Colombia, periodo 2011-2012 y comparar los resultados con lo reportado previamente para la misma institución. MÉTODOS: Se realizó vigilancia epidemiológica de defectos congénitos en el Hospital Universitario del Valle entre julio 2011 y junio 2012, siguiendo la metodología ECLAMC. Se realizaron tablas para ilustrar la distribución de la frecuencia de los defectos congénitos. RESULTADOS: Durante los 12 meses de estudio, se atendieron 5.669 nacimientos, de los cuales 109 presentaron al menos un defecto congénito, para una prevalencia de 1,92%. Para defectos congénitos específicos se registraron las prevalencias más altas para: polidactilia (24,69 x 10.000), apéndice preauricular (15,87 x 10.000), hidrocefalia (15,87 x 10.000), hidronefrosis (15,87 x 10.000). Al agruparlos, las prevalencias más altas fueron para los siguientes grupos: defectos de las extremidades (79,37 x 10.000), defectos del sistema nervioso central (49,39 x 10.000), defectos por disrupción vascular (40,57 x 10.000). CONCLUSIONES: En el periodo de vigilancia en la institución se encontró una prevalencia de defectos congénitos similar a la reportada previamente en la misma. Al agruparlos, las prevalencias más altas fueron para los defectos de las extremidades, defectos del sistema nervioso central y defectos por disrupción vascular. Los defectos congénitos relacionados con factores ambientales, principalmente defectos del tubo neural y defectos por disrupción vascular presentaron prevalencias más altas en comparación con lo reportado previamente.

ABSTRACT

AIMS: To determine the overall and individual prevalence of birth defects diagnosed at birth in a referral hospital in Cali, Colombia, in the period 2011-2012 and compare the results with previously reported for the same institution. METHODS: Epidemiological surveillance of birth defects was performed at the Hospital Universitario del Valle between July 2011 and June 2012, following ECLAMC methodology. Tables were performed to illustrate the frequency distribution of birth defects. RESULTS: During the 12 months of study there were 5,669 births, of which 109 had at least one birth defect, for a prevalence of 1.92%. For specific birth defects, the highest prevalence were recorded for polydactyly (24.69 x 10,000), auricular appendage (15.87 x 10,000), hydrocephalus (15.87 x 10,000), hydronephrosis (15.87 x 10,000). By grouping, the highest prevalence was for the following groups: limb defects (79.37 x 10,000), central nervous system defects (49.39 x 10,000), vascular disruption defects (40.57 x 10,000). CONCLUSIONS: In the surveillance period in the institution it was found a prevalence of birth defects similar to that previously reported in the same institution. By grouping, the highest prevalence were for limb defects, defects of the central nervous system and vascular disruption defects. Birth defects associated with environmental factors, principally neural tube defects and defects by vascular disruption had higher prevalence compared with those reported previously.