Condiciones socioculturales y experiencia del embarazo en adolescentes de Jalisco, México: estudio cualitativo / Socio-cultural conditions and teenage pregnancy experience in Jalisco, Mexico: a qualitative study

RESUMEN

Describir las condiciones socioculturales y la experiencia de adolescentes embarazadas en Guadalajara, Jalisco (México).Materiales y métodos: investigación cualitativa, con enfoque estudio de caso "típico", en el que se identificaron, en un listado de control prenatal a julio 2014, en un centro de salud de Guadalajara, Jalisco, adolescentes embarazadas que vivieran en la zona urbana, llevaran control prenatal en esta unidad de salud y aceptaran participar en el estudio con el consentimiento del tutor. Se analizaron las variables socioculturales en el expediente clínico, la tarjeta de control prenatal y una encuesta elaborada por investigadores. Se levantaron tres grupos focales, indagando: a) significación social del embarazo, b) experiencia del embarazo c) embarazo, familia, pareja y servicios de salud. Las variables socioculturales se analizaron en Epi-Info 7, calculando frecuencias, porcentajes, medidas de tendencia central y dispersión. Las entrevistas cualitativas se analizaron semióticamente.Resultados: se identificaron 48 adolescentes, de las cuales solo 42 reunieron criterios de selección. La mediana de edad fue de 18 (rango de 13 a 19 años); solo 19 % continuaron estudiando; 59,5 % eran amas de casa, 21,4 % tenían ingresos económicos propios y 78,6 % no utilizaron método de planificación familiar previo al embarazo. Cualitativamente, el embarazo les significó "madurar" y ser "más felices"...

ABSTRACT

To describe the social and cultural conditions and the experience of pregnancy among teenage girls in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.Materials and methods: Qualitative research with a "typical" case approach based on the identification, from the pre-natal care list of a healthcare centre in Guadalajara, Jalisco, of pregnant teenage girls living in the urban area who received antenatal care in that centre and who agreed to participate in the study with the consent of their guardians, until July 2014. The analysis was based on the social and cultural variables included in the clinical record, the pre-natal care card, and a questionnaire prepared by the researchers. The work was done with three focus groups and the questions covered: a) the social meaning of pregnancy; b) the experience of pregnancy; and c) pregnancy, family, couple and healthcare services. The social and cultural variables were analysed using the Epi-Info 7, estimating frequencies, percentages, central trend measurements and scatter. The semiotic analysis approach was used for the qualitative interviews.Results: Of the 48 teenagers identified, only 42 met the selection criteria. The mean age was 18 years (range 13 to 19). Only 19 % continued with their education, 59.5 % were housewives, 21.4 % earned their own income, and 78.6 % had not used any form of family planning before the pregnancy. Qualitatively, the pregnancy helped them "mature" and made them "happier". They reported having dropped out from school because of clinical symptoms and changes in their physical appearance. They also reported lack of privacy in the healthcare services, and pointed to online media as the primary source of information regarding the topic of sexuality...