Population dynamics of onchocerca volvulus microfilariae in human host after six years of drug control.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Mass administration of ivermectin drug was carried out annually between 1995 and 2001 in three villages that were endemic for onchocerciasis in the Lower Cross River Basin, Nigeria. The aim of this study was to evaluate the population dynamics (dispersion patterns, distribution, prevalence and intensity) of Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae in their human host after six years of ivermectin treatment. METHODS: A total of 1014 subjects from three rural areas in Etung Local Government Area of Cross River State, Nigeria were screened for skin microfilariae using standard parasitological method of diagnosis. RESULTS: Ivermectin drug intervention had significantly reduced the prevalence of skin microfilariae (PMF) from 69.3% pre-control to 39.3% and community microfilarial load (CMFL) from 7.11 to 2.31 microfilariae per skin snip. Males (45%) were significantly (p <0.05) more infected than females (34%). Both microfilarial prevalence and intensity increased with age. Pearson correlation test between intensity and age was not significant (r = 0.37; p >0.05). The correlation between age-dependent parasite prevalence and mean abundance was also not significant (r = 0.42; p >0.05). The degree of dispersion as measured by variance to mean ratio (VMR), coefficient of variation (CV) and exponent 'K' of the negative binomial model of distribution showed that the parasite aggregated, clumped and overdispersed in their human host. The relative index of potential infection of each age group showed that adults between the age of 21 and 50 yr accounted for 52.7% of microfilariae positive cases. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: Aggregated and overdispersion of O. volvulus observed in this study showed that active transmission could still be going on, because the tendency of the vector, Simulium damnosum ingesting more microfilariae was high due to the aggregated and overdispersed nature of the parasite with its host.