Ligature mark on neck: How informative.

ABSTRACT

Many a times, a ligature mark may be the only evidence available in cases of asphyxial deaths due either to hanging or strangulation. A through examination of the ligature mark and analysis of the information provided by it, is therefore, a must to arrive at the most probable cause of death and differentiate between hanging and the ligature strangulation. A retrospective study was conducted at the Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Government Medical College & Hospital, Chandigarh, between 1997 to 2004 to assess the information provided by a ligature mark in such cases. We found that deaths due to hanging constituted 3.4% of the total unnatural deaths subjected to medicolegal autopsy; young adults, of the age group 21 to 25 years accounted for the maximum cases, 27%; and the male female ratio was 21. Chunni was the most common ligature material used. Majority of the victims preferred multiple knots (61%) and fixed knots (58%) and a single loop (93%). The mark was obliquely placed (98% cases) above the larynx (85% cases). In all the cases of ligature strangulation, the mark was transverse, below the level of thyroid cartilage. Imprint over the groove when present, corresponded with the ligature material used in all the cases. It was concluded that a thorough, scientific examination of the ligature mark, though not conclusive, but is the most important part of the postmortem examination of deaths due to hanging and ligature strangulation.