Kidney stone disease: Etiology and evaluation.

ABSTRACT

The purpose of the present review is to provide an update about the most common risk factors or medical conditions associated with renal stone formation as the incidence of kidney stone disease is increasing in tropical developing countries .The potent risk factors identified include the “classic” risk factors in the urine (low urine volume, hypercalciuria, hyperoxaluria, hyperuricosuria, hypocitrauria, and hypomanesuria) and epidemiological factors include climate, race, ethnicity, age, sex and body weight. We have found that sedentary lifestyle habits, an unhealthy dietary plan, and overweight problems may be important promoters. We suggest that there is a need for further studies to be carried out in larger sample sizes with emphasis on above risk factors for rational, efficient and specific management.