Socio-Ecological Determinants of Myopia in Rural School Students in North India: Results from a Nurse-Led Program

ABSTRACT

Socio-ecological determinants of high myopia incidence among school students largely remain unexplored, especially in developing countries. A cross‑sectional study was conducted in rural schools in North India to assess the relationship between these determinants and myopia among adolescent students. A public health nurse used a pre-tested questionnaire (demographics, family ocular status, and screen time) and Snellen’s chart for testing visual acuity, and referred suspected cases for cycloplegic refraction assessment. Among the total of 955 students, the median (range) age was 14 (13–15) years. The prevalence of myopia was 5.03% (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.99–5.07). Myopia was found to be associated with computer usage at school (P = 0.058), malnutrition (P = 0.001), and familial myopia (P = 0.079) in the bivariate analysis. Significant predictors of myopia in the regression model were females (odd ratio [OR] 6.29; 95% CI 2.69–14.72), higher maternal age (OR 1.09; 95% CI 1–1.17), and reading distance <20 cm (OR 1.98; 95% CI 1.01–3.87).