Recent update in the management of hypertension.

ABSTRACT

Hypertension is still the leading cause of death worldwide. Hypertension increases not only the risk for progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) but also for cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality. For most patients it is the systolic blood pressure rather than the diastolic blood pressure that most strongly predicts adverse events. The optimal target for BP control for most hypertensive patients is < 140/90 mmHg, or < 130/80 mmHg for patients with diabetes and CKD. Certain lifestyle measures such as weight reduction, smoking cessation, restriction of dietary sodium intake, moderation of alcohol intake and an increase in physical activity can lower BP. Except for progression of proteinuric kidney disease and congestive heart failure (CHF), it is the achieved BP and not the class of agent that is most important in reducing morbid outcomes. If BP is more than 20/10 mmHg above the goal, therapy should be initiated with 2 drugs, one of which should be a thiazide-type diuretic. A strong consideration should be given to initiate antihypertensive therapy in patients with (RAAS) blockers, usually in concert with diuretics. Patients with proteinuria > 1 g/day despite optimal BP control with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) monotherapy may benefit from a combination therapy.