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1.
American Journal of Gastroenterology ; 117(10 Supplement 2):S1529-S1530, 2022.
Article in English | EMBASE | ID: covidwho-2321808

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Calciphylaxis, otherwise known as calcium uremic arteriolopathy, is defined as calcium deposition around blood vessels in skin and fat tissue which occurs in 1-4% of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Calcium deposition in the esophagus is extremely rare;to date, there have been only 4 cases reported worldwide. We report the fifth case of esophageal mucosal calcinosis occurring in a young male with ESRD. Case Description/Methods: A 37-year-old Thai man with ESRD on peritoneal dialysis since 2005 presented with generalized weakness and odynophagia due to oral ulcers, resulting in poor PO intake. He denied drinking alcohol, illicit drug use, or smoking. On exam his abdomen was soft, non-distended, non-tender, without any guarding. Past medical history included hypertension and COVID-19 in January 2022. Laboratory tests revealed neutropenia and pancytopenia, hyperphosphatemia, and hypocalcemia. EGD revealed distal esophageal esophagitis and hemorrhagic erosive gastropathy. Biopsy showed ulcerative esophagitis with dystrophic calcification, consistent with esophageal mucosal calcinosis .No intestinal metaplasia was noted. Immunohistochemistry was negative for CMV, HSV1, and HSV2. The patient was treated with pantoprazole 40mg IV every 12 hours, Magic Mouthwash 5ml qid, and Carafate 10mg qid. He was transferred to a cancer center where he had a bone marrow biopsy formed which was negative. His symptoms resolved and the patient was discharged to home (Figure). Discussion(s): Esophageal mucosal calcinosis is extremely rare. It is due to a combination of factors involving acidosis and the phenotypic differentiation (and apoptosis) of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) into chondrocytes or osteoblast-like cells. These changes, along with the passive accumulation of calcium and phosphate, induce calcification. Acidosis is well-known to promote inflammation of the arterial walls, releasing cytokines that induce vascular calcification. The benefits of treatment with sodium thiosulfate remain unclear. An ample collection of cases should help devise standardized treatment options and establish management guidelines for this condition.

2.
Korean Journal of Financial Studies ; 50(2):247-277, 2021.
Article in English | Scopus | ID: covidwho-1471300

ABSTRACT

The unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic at the beginning of 2020 jeopardized the entire world. Meanwhile, the Russia–Saudi Arabia oil war led a crude oil market going out of the frying pan into the fire. This research has two main purposes. First, we investigate structures of the crude oil related exchange-traded products (ETPs) in terms of operation and cost. Second, we analyze the correlation and investment performance of the crude oil related ETPs and West Texas Intermediate spot market. The major findings are as follows: (1) there is a positive correlation between the crude oil spot and the crude oil producing firm, (2) the investment performance of the crude oil related ETPs is inferior to that of the crude oil spot due to the rollover cost, (3) the investment performance of the crude oil related leverage ETNs (Exchange-Traded Notes) or inverse ETPs has deteriorated because their managing structure tracks the daily return which leads to the compounding effects. These empirical results show the characteristics of the gain and loss of the crude oil-related ETPs, which enhance conceptual understanding and offer implications to policymakers and authorities for the efficiency of the alternative investment strategy. © 2021, Korean Securities Association. All rights reserved.

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