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Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4.45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4.01-4.94) deaths and 105 million (95.0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44.4% (41.3-48.4) of all cancer deaths and 42.0% (39.1-45.6) of all DALYs. There were 2.88 million (2.60-3.18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50.6% [47.8-54.1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1.58 million (1.36-1.84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36.3% [32.5-41.3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20.4% (12.6-28.4) and DALYs by 16.8% (8.8-25.0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34.7% [27.9-42.8] and 33.3% [25.8-42.0]). Interpretation The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
ABSTRACT
Over the last five decades, the Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSME) sector has evolved as a very lively and dynamic segment of the Indian economy. MSMEs not only serve a critical role in creating huge numbers of jobs at a cheaper cost of capital than major enterprises, but they also contribute to the industrialization of rural and backward areas, Thus, regional disparities will be reduced, and national income and wealth will be distributed more evenly. MSMEs serve as auxiliary units to larger enterprises, and this sector makes a significant contribution to the country’s socioeconomic growth. The pandemic of COVID-19 is the most important economic event in our generation. The pandemic that interrupted social and economic life has had an influence on nations and citizens alike, and it continues to do so. The Indian economy’s small and medium enterprise sector is a key and developing sector that contributes to job creation, economic growth, and innovation, as well as acting as the country’s socioeconomic backbone. MSMEs, who are the backbone of India’s inclusive economic storey, have been severely impacted by the coronavirus, which has disrupted their cash cycles. The situation of MSMEs is of great concern since they are such an essential element of both domestic and global value chains. The article will concentrate on the pandemic’s considerable impact on the performance of small and medium-sized businesses. The purpose of this article is to explore the relevance of the MSME sector in the growth of the Indian economy, as well as the impact of COVID-19 on MSMEs. It will also look into ways to revive MSMEs and what methods can be used to help these businesses get back on track with India’s economic progress. © 2022 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
ABSTRACT
Objectives COVID-19 pandemic has affected the systems in all hospitals and non-essential elective surgeries were deferred. In this retrospective study we have evaluated results and complications of gynaecological cancer surgeries in a tertiary care hospital during the first 9 months of covid pandemic in our country. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the medical charts of patients who underwent these surgeries from March-December, 2020. Results The study included 116 patients, 48 endometrial, 50 ovarian, 14 cervical and 4 vulval &vaginal cancers. Majority of cancers were early stage (64%). The median age was 58 years (range 22-85years). Surgical approach was laparotomy in 77.6% including 48% complex surgeries. Based on the BGCS framework for prioritization of these surgeries, most of our surgeries belong to priority level 2(89%) and 3(11%). COVID verbal screening (by a questionnaire) was done in 90% of patients starting in Mid-March. Formal COVID testing by PCR for all pre-operative patients was commenced in April and hence 89(77%) of all patients underwent this testing. Only 2 patients were found COVID positive and the surgery was deferred for 4 weeks. Complications based on Clavien- Dindo grade 1, grade 4a and grade 5 were observed in 4 patients. Median hospital stay was 5 days. Out of 12 patients with clinical suspicion of COVID within 30 days of surgery 3 were found to be covid positive, including one requiring ICU admission. Conclusions The results show that with adequate preventive measures cancer surgeries can be performed with low risk of severe complications and post-surgical COVID positivity.
ABSTRACT
The need of consuming healthy foods which improve the immune system, which is an imperative habit adapted by most of the nations with the spread of the infection COVID-19. While there are no specific foods that can help protect the person from the virus, a nutritious diet can boost your immune system or help you fight off symptoms. The aim of the present study is to analyse the knowledge and awareness on the dietary measures followed during COVID -19 among children. A cross sectional survey was conducted among the children of age group 10-18 years about the dietary measures followed by them during COVID - 19. The questionnaire was distributed through the google forms website to around 100 children. The data was collected and analysed using SPSS Software and Perason's Chi square test was also done. According to the results, 60.2% of the participants are following a healthy diet during this lockdown period and 39.8% are not following. The chi square test was done associating the gender with the dietary patterns followed during the Covid 19 pandemic.This study concludes that the children are aware and having knowledge on the dietary measures to be followed during COVID - 19.
ABSTRACT
Usually a lockdown occurs in a situation where the external conditions are threatful or dangerous. And due to this lockdown not only the children but even the adults have also been having a lot of problems. One of the main problems related to the lockdown is most specifically is the stress faced by the youth and the adults. And for the present situation due to the covid pandemic, the lockdown levels have become extremely high and many of the kids have gone into severe cases of depression as well. The aim of the present study is to analyse the level of stress among the children during the lockdown period. A descriptive cross sectional survey was done among 10-18 years children during the lockdown period. Self administered questionnaire of 15 questions was prepared and distributed among the children, through online google forms. The data was collected and analysed using SPSS software.The Pearson's Chi square test was also done. The results conveyed that 87.6% of the children are aware about the importance of maintaining and handling a good healthy diet and are having knowledge about their anxiety levels which are caused during this lockdown period. It is concluded that the majority of the participants are aware about the anxiety levels which are caused due to and during this lockdown period.