Coronavirus Pandemic and Online Education: Impact on Developing Countries

In this book, eight substantive chapters examine how "developing” countries such as Bangladesh, Malaysia, and Mexico confronted the pandemic-driven online education shift. As local instruments, resources, and preferences of specific universities meshed with global platforms, ideas, and knowledge, the book addresses several questions. Was the mix too flaky to survive increasing competitiveness? Were countries capable enough to absorb mammoth software technological changes? Throwing a "developed” country (the United States) in for contrast, the book elaborates on the inequities between these countries. Some of these inequalities were economic (infrastructural provisions and accesses), others involved gender (the role of women), political (the difference between public and private universities), social (accessibility across social spectrum), and developmental (urban-rural divides). In doing so, new hypotheses on widening global gaps are highlighted in the book for further investigation. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023.

Introduction: End of the Line, or New Threshold? Pedagogy at Bay

How did the 2020-2022 coronavirus pandemic (Covid-19) impact education? To what extent will Covid-19-related educational reconfigurations (embracing online training) remain an ongoing global question? Is education being restructured? Eight substantive chapters address those questions at the tertiary education level. They make qualitative analyses of student/faculty/administrative surveys at two levels: the playground (institution turning to online) and platform (online medium utilized). Placing both case studies of five universities in four countries, and comparative insights from them' in familiar globalization-localization' theoretical prisms (micro for the local, macro for the national and global), this volume finds the micro-macro admixture not just fundamental to the future of education, but also pivotal to changes in the socio-cultural and political economic fabrics. Predicting tectonic pedagogical transformations in the future, the most worrisome force might be not the transformations themselves, but the potentially fleeting historical speed of change. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023.

The Indoor Air Quality Trilemma: Improving Air Quality, Using Less Energy, and Meeting Stakeholder Requirements

Good indoor air quality (IAQ) is critically important for many aspects of our lives, including as we've found recently in reducing the transmission of airborne diseases such as COVID-19. Delivering good IAQ poses several challenges to organisations: it can require changes in working practices, be bounded by infrastructure capabilities such as buildings and their heating and ventilation systems, and result in substantial energy usage. In this study we have conducted a preliminary investigation measuring IAQ in a typical 'science lab' classroom, and engaging with stakeholders to jointly explore these data. Our mixed methods approach uncovers an indoor air quality 'trilemma', which relates air quality, energy usage, and stakeholder practices that can be mediated by, and understood as, a site for potentially impactful future HCI designs. © 2023 Owner/Author.

Study the Effect of Using Google Classroom on the Academic Performance Under the Covid19 Pandemic Using Data Mining Technique

In light of the pandemic that has swept the world, the use of elearning in educational institutions has become an urgent necessity for continued knowledge communication with students. Educational institutions can benefit from the free tools that Google provide and from these applications, Google classroom which is characterized by ease of use, but the efficiency of using Google classroom is affected by several variables not studied in previous studies Clearly, this study aimed to identify the use of Google classroom as a system for managing e-learning and the factors affecting the performance of students and lecturer. The data of this study were collected from 219 members of the faculty and students at the College of Administration and Economics at the University of Baghdad in Iraq and have reached Google classroom offers all the technologies wanted by students and lecturer but there is a positive correlation between lack of knowledge of technical matters and decrease in the use of Google classroom and online education and vice versa © 2023, International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies.All Rights Reserved.

Tools and Techniques Adapted for Teaching Software Engineering Topics Remotely during the COVID-19 Pandemic

To stop the spread of the COVID-19 virus, educational institutions abruptly switched from in-person to online, remote mode of teaching without giving educators the necessary tools and training. In this paper, we focus on the Software Engineering Education & Training (SEET) courses at the university levels and address questions like: What tools and techniques did they adapt to handle the modality transition challenges? What lessons they learned and what would they do differently the next time? What are the students' perspective on these, etc.? We interviewed 16 SEET educators from different countries around the world;followed by surveys of more than 300 educator and student participants. Our empirical study found some common themes of challenges, as well as suggestions on tools and techniques to overcome them. © 2022 IEEE Computer Society. All rights reserved.

Understanding the pathophysiology of COVID-19: Are we investigating survivors appropriately?

Background: In COVID-19 survivors, altered lung diffusion capacity is the most common anomaly followed by a restrictive ventilatory defect. The common respiratory function tests used to investigate these abnormalities include transfer factor (TLco) and static lung volumes (TLC) . Aim(s): To review the appropriateness of the investigative approach at an acute tertiary centre for the management of COVID-19 survivors. Method(s): 448 consecutive post COVID-19 patients were referred into a respiratory physiology service (March 2020 to January 2022) and underwent 955 investigations. These were reviewed to ascertain if the recommended assessments were performed. Result(s): The patient's mean age was 57.6 years and consisted of 244 females and 204 males. The most common investigation requested was pulmonary function tests, which includes spirometry, TLco and TLC. Table 1 presents the other tests in order of frequency. There were 65 patients (15%) who had no referral for either TLco or TLC. Conclusion(s): Although the majority of patients were assessed appropriately, 15% did not have any COVID-19 pathophysiology specific investigations requested. It is recommended that a panel of tests including TLco and TLC is created to ensure patients are suitably investigated. (Table Presented).

Forget-Me-Nots from Rohingya Camps: Dark Experiences and Tales Not Told

Creating a circle from the August 2017 Rohingya eviction from Myanmar into Bangladesh to a possible return to Rakhine, this chapter contains narratives from three junctures: pre-camp, camp, and post-camp. Whereas the first traces the Rohingya origin, thus dwelling upon history, discrimination, religion, and the relevant external context permitting internal ethnic cleansing/genocide, the second explores camp dynamics, unraveling new forms of intersectionality, gender vulnerability-and-balancing actions, and COVID responses, leaving the post-camp section to evaluate the rudderless human security ship, humanitarian innovations redressing camp exigencies and possibly benefiting civil society, as well as imparting global education against local needs, to find out what role inherent/tainted memory will play in jump-starting relocated lives. How that circle triumphs against a looming dead-end leaves food for thought for interim rehabilitation/relocation purposes. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

Forget-Me-Nots from Rohingya Camps: Dark Experiences and Tales Not Told

Creating a circle from the August 2017 Rohingya eviction from Myanmar into Bangladesh to a possible return to Rakhine, this chapter contains narratives from three junctures: pre-camp, camp, and post-camp. Whereas the first traces the Rohingya origin, thus dwelling upon history, discrimination, religion, and the relevant external context permitting internal ethnic cleansing/genocide, the second explores camp dynamics, unraveling new forms of intersectionality, gender vulnerability-and-balancing actions, and COVID responses, leaving the post-camp section to evaluate the rudderless human security ship, humanitarian innovations redressing camp exigencies and possibly benefiting civil society, as well as imparting global education against local needs, to find out what role inherent/tainted memory will play in jump-starting relocated lives. How that circle triumphs against a looming dead-end leaves food for thought for interim rehabilitation/relocation purposes. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

Impact Of Online Learning On Students With Special Reference To Under-Graduate (Ug) Students Of Golaghat District, Assam

The term "COVID 19" refers to the corona virus disease that first appeared in 2019 and was discovered in Wuhan, China, in December of that same year. This was a pandemic viral sickness that severely damaged the biosphere as well as the lives of all living things. It had an impact on people on all levels of devastation, including their bodily, mental, and psychological health as well as their social, economic, cultural, educational, and political lives. It also had a detrimental impact regardless of one's age, gender, socioeconomic status, etc. Every group in the human population had been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, including the elderly, the young, the young at heart, and children. In this regard, the mental, physical, and psychological health of students was impaired by the impact of COVID-19, and the education of students was also negatively impacted. This research study aims to investigate the effects of online instructions on undergraduate students. Data were gathered using a primary approach, such as a questionnaire, and secondary data were also gathered from a variety of study-related sources, including articles, journals, books, census data, etc.. In light of the fact that online classes harm students' health, result in strengthen learners' departure from real biosphere, weaken learners' logical aptitude, and facilitate face-to-face interactive association, this study explains the detrimental effects of online education on undergraduate students. Copyright © 2023 Ubiquity Press. All rights reserved.

Frequency of Dry Eye Diseases among Children During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Pakistan

Objective: To assess the frequency of dry eye among children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Pakistan Naval Ship Hafeez Hospital, Islamabad Pakistan, from Mar to Aug 2021. Methodology: Children aged 7-15 years reporting to the PNS Hafeez Hospital, OPD were included in the study. A proforma was used to record the demographics and screen time of the children. In addition, an ophthalmic examination was conducted to assess the dry eye status of the children using the Schirmer-II test. Results: Seventy-three children participated in the study. Their mean age was 11.08±2.42 years. There were 40(54.8%) boys and 33 (45.2%) girls. These children had a mean daily screen time of 7.23±2.77hours. Children with dry eye had a greater amount of screen time (8.75±2.11hours) as compared to those with normal tear function (6.05±2.66 hours;p<0.001). In addition, the screen time of children with dry eyes was significantly greater than those with normal tear functions (p=0.001). Conclusion: Children with dry eyes were reported to have more screen time and more online classes than their counterparts with normal tear functions. Authorities should consider resuming face-to-face sessions for all school children. © 2022, Army Medical College. All rights reserved.

The efficacy of blended learning in a pediatric spinal deformity management program in Tanzania

Introduction: Blended learning, which combines in-person learning and e-learning, has grown rapidly in education. Advantages of this modality include control over content, learning sequence, and pace of learning, allowing participants to tailor their experiences to meet their personal learning objectives. Blended learning enables adaptive and collaborative learning and transforms the teacher's role from transmitting knowledge (instructing) to facilitating learning. Objectives: Our study aimed to assess the efficacy of blended learning in a pediatric scoliosis training program through the largest Surgical Training Institution in Sub-Saharan Africa, The College of Surgeons of East, Central and Southern Africa (COSECSA). Material and Methods: The course comprised of three parts;1-the online portion, which allowed participants to review lectures, papers, and audiovisual materials over a 3-week period;2-the in-person session, where participants spent a full day with an international expert, reviewing cases in a team-based approach and coming to a consensus on treatment strategy;and 3-a one week, in-person experience where participants were exposed to pre-surgical planning conferences, clinic, casting, and scrubbing into surgeries with international experts. All participants completed a Needs Assessment (NA) and quiz prior to the course. The NA contained 6 various topics, with 3 questions for each topic scored by a 10-point scale in pediatric spine deformity. The quiz included 15 surgical and clinical questions related to the pediatric spine deformity topics. The NA and quiz were taken before the course, after the online session, and after the in-person session. A final survey was conducted at the end of the in-person surgical week. Results: Thirty-six orthopedic surgeons and neurosurgeons enrolled in the course primarily from Tanzania, Kenya, and Malawi. The NA assessment scores improved significantly over the course of the three surveys from 67.3 prior to the course, to 90.9 mid-course, and 94.0 after the course (p = 0.0007). The clinical quiz scores improved over the 3 time points from 9.91 to 11.9, and 12.3, respectively. At the end of the in-person surgical week, 100% of respondents stated that they had improvement in knowledge and 92% considered the knowledge sufficient to change their clinical practice. In surveying the persistent obstacles to translating knowledge gained through blended learning to clinical practice, the top responses were constraints in personnel and cost of implants at their home institution. Conclusion: The blended learning approach in a pediatric spine deformity program is effective, feasible, and shows a statistically significant change in participants' confidence and knowledgebase in these complex pathologies. Our results are limited due to the small sample size. Future studies will evaluate larger number of participants in the post-COVID era and translation to other areas of spine surgery, such as minimally-invasive surgery.

Development of novel hybrid models for the prediction of COVID-19 in Kuwait

The first case of COVID-19 in Kuwait was reported on February 24, 2020. There is a need to develop a prediction model for estimating this epidemic size. In this study, we aimed to develop and compare several prediction models using real-time data of COVID-19 from February 24 to June 12, 2020. We modeled the uncertainty and non-stationary real-time data of COVID-19 cases using a multilayer model with different decomposition techniques. We applied our proposed hybrid methodology to predict COVID-19 cases in Kuwait. We further evaluated the performance of the novel hybrid model with others using mean relative error, mean absolute error, and mean square error. We found that our proposed hybrid approach performed better than others for predicting COVID-19 cases.

Emergence of services business strategies during COVID-19

The 21st century has been fighting against COVID-19, an infection caused by a virus SARS CoV-2. On 30th January 2020, the World Health Organization stated this condition as an international health emergency. Furthermore, on March 11, 2020, it was declared a global pandemic. The pandemic COVID-19 destroyed the health systems at a large scale and the businesses globally. Service, as well as manufacturing industries, faced significant challenges during this pandemic situation of COVID-19. Infodemic is one of the biggest challenges that creates severe problems for the business community. In such circumstances, businesses have to adopt unique business strategies to sustain and gain a competitive edge. The current study evaluates different business strategies like digital servitization, travel insurance, skunkworks structural approach, black swan, etc. adopted by different service sectors, based on a systematic review approach. Mostly, the research paradigm is focused on the aviation industry, and less attention is given to other service sectors like education, banking, etc. © 2021, IGI Global.

POS-126 PROLIFERATIVE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS WITH MONOCLONAL IgG DEPOSITS;A NOVEL PATHOLOGIC PRESENTATION

Introduction: Proliferative glomerulonephritis with monoclonal IgG deposits (PGNMID) is a rare form of PGN that mimics immune-complex (IC) GN by light microscopy (LM), but shows monoclonal IgG deposits by immunofluorescence (IF). PGNMID often presents with membranoproliferative (MPGN) pattern or endocapillary hypercellularity. Focal crescents are not uncommon in PGNMID, but diffuse crescentic involvement is very rare. Methods: 78-year-old man with a history of hypertension and multiple cardiovascular comorbidities presented with weakness, dizziness, and anorexia, and was found to have severe hypertension and acute kidney injury with serum creatinine of 12 mg/dl (baseline 1 mg/dl). He was a chronic smoker and alcoholic. He reported productive cough with scanty whitish sputum, but denied hemoptysis. Urine analysis showed marked proteinuria, hematuria, and leukocyturia. Renal ultrasound revealed bilateral decrease corticomedullary differentiation without obstruction. Hemodialysis was initiated. Imaging showed bilateral upper lobe pneumonia with concerns for alveolar hemorrhages. Serology for complements, ANA, dsDNA, ANCA, Hepatitis B and C, Covid19 was negative. Kappa/lambda free light chain ratio was normal. SPEP, UPEP and immunofixation were negative for paraproteinemia. Renal biopsy showed diffuse crescentic and endocapillary PGN with MPGN features, and linear monoclonal IgG3-kappa immune deposits. Given the lack of clinical evidence of cryoglobulinemia and presence of immune-type electron dense deposits without organized substructures by EM, the findings were most consistent with PGNMID. However, the unusual biopsy presentation raised concerns for possible concurrent anti-GBM disease. Subsequently, Solu-Medrol was started followed by prednisone 1 mg/kg. He received 2 sessions of plasmapheresis before anti-GBM serology returned negative. Bone marrow biopsy revealed monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis with CLL phenotype. Unfortunately, the patient developed Covid19 infection, and passed away before receiving further treatment. [Formula presented] Results: PGNMID is a rare form of renal involvement by monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition that mimics ICGN on renal biopsy. Nephrotic range proteinuria, hematuria and renal insufficiency are usual presentation. Cases of PGNMID classically show IgG3k, in a granular glomerular capillary wall, mesangial, and occasionally subepithelial distribution. By EM, these deposits appear granular typical of ICGN which lack organized substructure. The predominant LM patterns are MPGN and endocapillary hypercellularity. Less frequently focal crescents may be present, but diffuse crescentic involvement is especially rare (~5%). In our case, the diffuse cellular crescents and semilinear to linear GBM staining was unusual. Together with the clinical presentation, the findings prompted concerns for a concomitant Goodpasture syndrome, but anti-GBM antibody returned negative. The pathogenesis is still unclear, but some authors suggest infection as a possible trigger for crescentic transformation in PGNMID. The presence of crescents seem to confer a poorer prognosis and associated with progression to ESRD. Conclusions: Our case is a unique presentation of PGNMID in a patient who presented with clinical and pathologic features concerning for Goodpasture syndrome. PGNMID can rarely present with diffuse crescents and IF findings similar to anti-GBM nephritis in a patient with RPGN. No conflict of interest

Use of non-homogeneous Poisson process for the analysis of new cases, deaths, and recoveries of COVID-19 patients: A case study of Kuwait

The coronavirus disease spread out rapidly in China and then in the whole world. Kuwait is one of those countries which are positively affected by this pandemic. Objective: The current study aims to provide an appropriate and novel framework for the analysis of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infected patient & rsquo;s counts and rate of change in these counts with respect to time. Therefore, we considered the number of SARS-CoV-2 patients, i.e., confirmed cases, deaths, and recover-ies for Kuwait, ranging from the 24th of February 2020 to the 25th of August 2020. Method: Here, we used the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation methods for the data analysis of SARS-CoV-2 to develop the Bayesian analysis of the Non-Homogeneous Poisson Process (NHPP). For this purpose, we used the two unique models of NHPP: the linear intensity function and the power law process. The dis-crimination methods are also discussed to select a better model for daily basis data of confirmed cases, deaths, and recoveries of SARS-CoV-2 patients. The appropriate model is selected based on the Deviance Information Criteria (DIC). Results: The value of DIC indicates that the power-law process performs better than the linear intensity functions for estimating and presenting all the study variables. The current study explored the usefulness and significance of the proposed research framework to analyze the SARS-CoV-2 new confirmed cases, recoveries, and deaths in a specific area. Conclusion: The findings of the study will be helpful for the health organizations or authorities to develop the approaches based on the current resources and situations due to the pandemic. The provided framework could be beneficial in analyzing the second and third layers of COVID-19 in the area. The analysis of the counts for each study variable and for each variable a comparative analysis of all the three layers is the aim of our future study. (c) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Covid-19: People Perception Knowledge and Experience: an Evidence from Gilgit-Baltistan Pakistan

The coronavirus (Covid-19) has become a major cause of huma morbidity and mortality due to its transmitted mode in human beings. The public must follow precautionary practices to protect themselves from this world pandemic. Due to a lack of public practices, knowledge, and sensitivity, this transmitted disease suffers a large number of new cases around the world. This study examines the public's practices, knowledge, an sensitivity related to the Covid-19 in the Gilgit-Baltistan Pakistan area. We applied the exploratory methodology by reviewing the secondary data sources. We survey to collect the data and present the empirical evidence. We distributed five hundred questionnaires via the online and face-to-face approach and received 382 valid responses. The received data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics and a chi-square test. The empirical results indicate that majority of respondents are conscious and aware of the Covid-19 and moderately taking precautionary measures such as social distancing, washing hands, wearing the mask, avoid to handshaking/hug and avoidin: unnecessary traveling. It has been observed that participants are well aware of the sensitivity and the belief that the Covid-19 causes harm, changes expenditure life, exhausted, nervous, lonely, and fear for their individual life. Respondents have trust in social confidence and the roles of electronic media information regarding taking precautionary measures against the covid-19. Inversely, people have not to trust economic and safety measures taken b the government to control the Covid-19 pandemic. (C) 2021 INT TRANS J ENG MANAG SCI TECH.