ABSTRACT
2019 novel coronavirus(2019-nCoV) outbreak is one of the public health emergency of international concern.Since the 2019-nCoV outbreak, China has been adopting strict prevention and control measures, and has achieved remarkable results in the initial stage of prevention and control.However, some imported cases and sporadic regional cases have been found, and even short-term regional epidemics have occurred, indicating that the preventing and control against the epidemic remains grim.With the change of the incidence proportion and the number of cases in children under 18 years old, some new special symptoms and complications have appeared in children patients.In addition, with the occurrence of virus mutation, it has not only attracted attention from all parties, but also proposed a new topic for the prevention and treatment of 2019-nCoV infection in children of China.Based on the second edition, the present consensus further summarizes the clinical characteristics and experience of children's cases, and puts forward recommendations on the diagnostic criteria, laboratory examination, treatment, prevention and control of children's cases for providing reference for further guidance of treatment of 2019-nCoV infection in children.Copyright © 2021 Chinese Medical Association
ABSTRACT
At present, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2(SARS-CoV-2)infection is still rampant worldwide.As of September 10, 2021, there were about 222 million confirmed cases of corona virus disease 2019(COVID-19)and more than 4.6 million deaths worldwide.With the development of COVID-19 vaccines and the gradual vaccination worldwide, the increasing number of cases in children and unvaccinated young people has drawn attention.According to World Health Organization surveillance data, the proportion of COVID-19 infection cases in children gradually increased, and the proportion of cases in the age groups of under 5 years and 5-14 years increased from 1.0% and 2.5% in January 2020 to 2.0% and 8.7% in July 2021, respectively.At present, billions of adults have been vaccinated with various COVID-19 vaccines worldwide, and their protective effects including reducing infection and transmission, reducing severe disease and hospitalization, and reducing death, as well as high safety have been confirmed.Canada, the United States, Europe and other countries have approved the emergency COVID-19 vaccination in children and adolescents aged 12 to 17 years, and China has also approved the phased vaccination of COVID-19 vaccination in children and adolescents aged 3 to 17 years. For smooth advancement and implementation of COVID-19 vaccination in children, academic institutions, including National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Children's Health, and The Society of Pediatrics, Chinese Medical Association organized relevant experts to reach this consensus on COVID-19 vaccination in children.Copyright © 2021 by the Chinese Medical Association.
ABSTRACT
Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia (NCP) is a class B infectious disease, which is prevented and controlled according to class A infectious diseases. Recently, children's NCP cases have gradually increased, and children's fever outpatient department has become the first strategic pass to stop the epidemic.Strengthening the management of the fever diagnosis process is very important for early detection of suspected children, early isolation, early treatment and prevention of cross-infection. This article proposes prevention and control strategies for fever diagnosis, optimizes processes, prevents cross-infection, health protection and disinfection of medical staff, based on the relevant diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control programs of the National Health and Health Commission and on the diagnosis and treatment experience of experts in various provinces and cities. The present guidance summarizes current strategies on pre-diagnosis;triage, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of 2019-nCoV infection in common fever, suspected and confirmed children, which provide practical suggestions on strengthening the management processes of children's fever in outpatient department during the novel coronavirus pneumonia epidemic period.Copyright © 2020 by the Chinese Medical Association.
ABSTRACT
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2(SARS-CoV-2)infection is still worldwide.As a vulnerable group, severe and dead pediatric cases are also reported.Under this severe epidemic situation, children should be well protected.With the widespread vaccination of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in adults, the infection rate have decreased.Therefore, SARS-CoV-2 vaccine inoculation for children groups step by step is of great significance to the protection of children and the prevention and control of corona virus disease 2019(COVID-19) as a whole.But the safety of children vaccinated with SARS-CoV-2 vaccine is a main concern of parents.Therefore, in order to ensure the safety of vaccination and the implementation of vaccination work, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Children's Health and the Society of Pediatrics, Chinese Medical Association organized experts to interpret the main issue of parents about SARS-CoV-2 vaccine for children, in order to answer the doubts of parents.Copyright © 2021 by the Chinese Medical Association.
ABSTRACT
To examine the bus travel behaviour of the elderly in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, this study analysed the mechanisms influencing the elderly's risk perceptions regarding behavioural intention towards bus travel whilst focusing on the normalisation stage of pandemic prevention and control. Based on the theory of planned behaviour, a structural equation model of the elderly's bus travel intention was constructed. The interactions among six factors-including attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control, cognitive risk perception, affective risk perception and the behavioural intention of the elderly's bus travel-were quantitatively analysed. Valid sample data were used for empirical research. The results of this study show that perceived behavioural control, attitudes and subjective norms have a significant positive impact on the behavioural intentions of the elderly's bus travel during the normalisation stage of pandemic prevention and control, with perceived behavioural control being the most influential factor. Moreover, perceived behavioural control also has a significant positive impact on attitudes, which indirectly influences behavioural intention. Cognitive risk perception has a direct and significant negative impact on attitudes, perceived behavioural control and subjective norms;however, affective risk perception only has a significant negative impact on subjective norms. Additionally, there is a positive correlation between the two, with both indirectly and negatively influencing the behavioural intentions of the elderly's bus travel. This study can provide a basis for the formulation and improvement of pandemic prevention measures for bus travel during the normalisation stage of pandemic prevention and control to safeguard the elderly's bus travel rights.
ABSTRACT
Democratic accountability relies on voters to punish their representatives for policies they dislike. Yet, a separation-of-powers system can make it hard to know who is to blame, and partisan biases further distort voters' evaluations. During the COVID-19 pandemic, precautionary policies were put into place sometimes by governors, sometimes by mayors, and sometimes by no one at all, allowing us to identify when voters hold out-party versus in-party politicians responsible for policies. With a survey spanning 48 states, we test our theory that attitudes toward policies and parties intersect to determine when selective attribution takes place. We find that as individuals increasingly oppose a policy, they are more likely to blame whichever level of government is led by the out-party. This is most pronounced among partisans with strong in-party biases. We provide important insight into the mechanisms that drive selective attribution and the conditions under which democratic accountability is at risk.
ABSTRACT
Violent crimes targeting the Asian-American/Pacific Islander (AAPI) community has increased since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. While Anti-Asian violence existed before the pandemic, few have examined the predictors of AAPI crime victimization. Given this gap in the literature, the current study examined the factors that predicted violent and nonviolent crime victimization using a sample of 342 victimization incidents from 292 individuals self-identified as AAPI in the 2019 National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS). The implications of this analysis for our understanding of AAPI victimization will be discussed in detail, along with future directions for research involving anti-Asian racism and violence.
ABSTRACT
Construction disputes have long been identified as epidemics in the construction industry worldwide, which has become a more serious problem due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Previous studies on the dispute causes have primarily focused on country- or region-specific contexts and hence the results cannot be generalized in solving this chronic problem in a broader construction project worldwide. This study aims to explore and evaluate the critical dispute causes in construction projects through a comparative study between China and the United Kingdom. A total of 33 common dispute causes were identified through a comprehensive literature review and further consolidated by pilot surveys in the two countries. An online questionnaire survey was administered among construction professionals in China and the United Kingdom, with 170 valid responses returned for data analysis. Principal component factor analysis, mean score ranking approach, quartile analysis, and Mann-Whitney U testing were employed to identify the most critical dispute causes. Similarities and differences were mapped between the two countries. It was found that the five most critical categories of dispute causes in the two territories are: delay-related problems, lack of communication, contractual problems, site conditions, and design problems. The importance of variation in quantities, breach of contract, misinterpretation of contractual terms and conditions, and poor contract management was perceived significantly differently by the respondents in China and the United Kingdom, whereas design defects and failure to make compensation for additional work were the most critical common dispute causes in both countries. The research provides important findings for both academics and practitioners to holistically understand the similarities and differences of dispute causes in China and the United Kingdom and aids in preventing disputes more effectively in the global construction industry. © 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Especially with the COVID19 pandemic, the necessity of technology-based interventions using computers and mobile devices has increased in cancer survivorship management including symptom management. However, little is known about the effectiveness of a technology-based intervention in improving symptom experience of racial/ethnic minorities including Asian American breast cancer survivors. The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of a technologybased intervention in improving symptom experience of Asian American breast cancer survivors. Methods: This study was conducted as a part of an ongoing randomized clinical trial among 199 Asian American breast cancer survivors. The technology-based intervention included three subethnic specific social media sites, interactive online educational sessions, and online resources. Both groups (intervention and control groups) used the American Cancer Society's website on breast cancer, and only the intervention group used the technology-based intervention. Only the data collected using the questionnaire on background characteristics and health/disease status and the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale-Short Form (MSAS) were analyzed for this study. The data were analyzed using separate intent-to-treat growth curve models. Results: While both groups reported decreases in symptom scores from the pre-test to post 3- months (p<.01), the intervention group had larger decreases in symptom scores compared with the control group (p<.01). There existed significant group∗time interactive effects on the Global Distress Index (β = - 0.234), the Physical Symptom Distress scores (β = -0.266), the psychological symptom distress scores (β = - 0.212c), the total number of symptoms (β = -0.261), and the total symptom distress scores ( β = -0.261). Conclusions: The findings of this study clearly indicated symptom improvement among Asian American breast cancer survivors by a technology-based intervention using computers and mobile devices. Further studies with diverse racial/ethnic minorities are warranted to confirm the effectiveness of technology-based interventions in improving symptom experience of cancer survivors across different types of cancer.
ABSTRACT
Purpose The rising uncertainties in the macroeconomic environment exacerbate the challenges firms face in the export market. This study aims to explore which strategy is suitable for export enterprises to develop sustainably under COVID-19. Design/methodology/approach Based on the sample data of China's A-stock listed manufacturing firms from 2010 to 2020, this study applies a survival analysis method to explore the impact of strategic flexibility on export firm survival. Furthermore, this study uses the difference-in-difference model to test the relationship between strategic flexibility and firms' profits in the context of the pandemic. Findings The results show that strategic flexibility can increase firms' survival time, improving dynamic production and innovation capabilities, which is favorable for their sustainable development. Meanwhile, after the spread of COVID-19, firms with strategic flexibility have higher profits than those without. This influence mechanism mainly involves exploring new markets that can improve the company revenue and the coordination capabilities of the supply chain;this reduces corporate costs. Originality/value This study expands relevant research on the factors affecting the survival of export enterprises and supplements research on the economic consequences of firms' strategic flexibility;this also enriches the dynamic capability theory. Additionally, it provides important implications for firms to enhance strategic flexibility and recommends government implementation of policies that encourage the domestic sales of commodities originally produced for exports under COVID-19.
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Cancer patients are increasingly using the Internet to educate themselves about COVID-19. Recent studies have shown that cancer patients are at risk of more serious outcomes of COVID-19 compared to the general population. Some cancer treatments such as chemotherapy can impact the immune system, which may make COVID-19 infection more dangerous. This study looks to systematically examine the quality of web resources available for cancer patients about COVID-19. Materials and Methods: The term “COVID-19 Risk and Cancer” was searched in Google and metasearch engines Yippy and Dogpile. URLs were recorded from each search and inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. The results from the three lists were combined to come up with a final list based on overall average rank order. This list was analyzed using a previously validated structured rating tool with respect to accountability, currency, interactivity, readability, and content coverage and accuracy. Results: Three hundred ninety-eight websites were identified prior (this includes overlap between the three search sites used), 37 websites were included for analysis. Out of 37 websites, only 43% disclosed authorship and 24% cited sources. Most websites (76%) revealed date of creation, and 32% were updated less than three months before the date of search. Sixty-eight percent of websites enabled questions to be sent to the author or webmaster regarding COVID-19 risk queries. Fifty-four percent of websites had high school readability (8.0-12.0), 43% were at university level or above, and only one website demonstrated the recommended reading level for general public (below 8.0). Topics most commonly discussed were special consideration for cancer patients in COVID-19 (84%), COVID-19 risk factors (73%), and infection prevention (62%), while topics least covered were COVID-19 incidence/prevalence (5%), prognosis (8%), and treatment (16%). Conclusions: There is some COVID-19 in cancer risk information available online, but quality is variable. The total number of sites with relevant information related to COVID-19 and cancer was relatively low and many sites lacked markers for accountability. Some information may not be up to date and content may be difficult to comprehend. Healthcare professionals may direct cancer patients to the most reliable online resources about COVID-19 and cancer shown in this study. In addition, this may be helpful to consider when designing comprehensive web resources regarding COVID-19.
ABSTRACT
Background and Aims: In addition to pulmonary and thrombotic sequalae, gastrointestinal (GI) manifestations of COVID-19 are common. Although enterocytes express ACE2 and TMPRSS2, the proteins that determine SARS-CoV-2 tropism, prior studies have suggested that the virus is inactivated by gastric acid and other luminal fluids as it transits the gastrointestinal tract. However, we reason here that individuals with intestinal metaplasia of the esophagus and stomach might have ectopic, proximal SARS-CoV-2 receptor expression that would predispose them to infection from ingested oral secretions or respiratory sputum. Methods: Histology, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence were performed on human tissue and organoid cultures derived from biopsied human Barrett’s esophagus. Organoid cultures were infected with a chimeric virus expressing the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (rVSV-eGFP-SARS-CoV-2). Both fixed and live cells were imaged by light, epifluorescence, and live confocal microscopy. Results: Unlike normal esophagus and stomach, Barrett’s esophagus and gastric intestinal metaplasia both strongly express apical ACE2 and TMPRSS2 at the protein level. Organoids derived from Barrett’s esophagus are readily infected by the chimeric rVSV-eGFP-SARSCoV- 2 virus as demonstrated by the GFP fluorescence observed in both epifluorescence as well as three-dimensional, time-lapse confocal imaging of live infected organoids. We observed that fluorescence persisted for greater than 2 weeks in culture suggesting ongoing viral infection and intestinal identity correlated with increased viral entry. Conclusions: SARS-CoV-2 has a previously undescribed tropism for Barrett’s esophagus and gastric intestinal metaplasia, placing these individuals at higher risk of infection via the orogastric route.
ABSTRACT
The COVID-19 pandemic has driven the teaching and learning provisions more towards virtual platforms, exposing lack of resilience and technology preparedness. This study aims to provide a critical appraisal of existing pedagogical studies on built environment (e.g., Building Information Modelling or BIM) challenging the opportunism and agency theories in response towards remote education provision provoked by the pandemic. The study consists of critical review of two literature samples, namely how the education sector as a whole has been responding to the pandemic, and the digitalisation-based pedagogy in built environment especially how the pedagogy addresses the pandemic. The review of the second literature sample evaluates longitudinally how BIM-based built environment education had evolved. A conceptual framework incorporating multiple factors from the review of the two literature samples is finally proposed. These factors include educational theories (e.g., Bloom's Taxonomy), curriculum development addressing assessment, student experience, collaborative learning, delivery approaches, and teaching methods. This review-based study not only provides an overview of the digital built environment pedagogical work in higher education, but also contests the opportunism response to remote or blended learning and how the post-pandemic era could embrace the remote delivery-platforms to engender a variety of pedagogical principles, for example, cross-disciplinary team-based information sharing, experiential learning, and projectbased learning. The findings of this study represent a barometer and roadmap for measuring the resilience of higher education and built environment programmes towards pandemic and technological disruptions. © 2021 Proceedings of the 37th Annual ARCOM Conference, ARCOM 2021. All Rights Reserved.
ABSTRACT
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2(SARS-CoV-2)infection is still worldwide.As a vulnerable group, severe and dead pediatric cases are also reported.Under this severe epidemic situation, children should be well protected.With the widespread vaccination of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in adults, the infection rate have decreased.Therefore, SARS-CoV-2 vaccine inoculation for children groups step by step is of great significance to the protection of children and the prevention and control of corona virus disease 2019(COVID-19) as a whole.But the safety of children vaccinated with SARS-CoV-2 vaccine is a main concern of parents.Therefore, in order to ensure the safety of vaccination and the implementation of vaccination work, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Children's Health and the Society of Pediatrics, Chinese Medical Association organized experts to interpret the main issue of parents about SARS-CoV-2 vaccine for children, in order to answer the doubts of parents. Copyright © 2021 by the Chinese Medical Association.
ABSTRACT
At present, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2(SARS-CoV-2)infection is still rampant worldwide.As of September 10, 2021, there were about 222 million confirmed cases of corona virus disease 2019(COVID-19)and more than 4.6 million deaths worldwide.With the development of COVID-19 vaccines and the gradual vaccination worldwide, the increasing number of cases in children and unvaccinated young people has drawn attention.According to World Health Organization surveillance data, the proportion of COVID-19 infection cases in children gradually increased, and the proportion of cases in the age groups of under 5 years and 5-14 years increased from 1.0% and 2.5% in January 2020 to 2.0% and 8.7% in July 2021, respectively.At present, billions of adults have been vaccinated with various COVID-19 vaccines worldwide, and their protective effects including reducing infection and transmission, reducing severe disease and hospitalization, and reducing death, as well as high safety have been confirmed.Canada, the United States, Europe and other countries have approved the emergency COVID-19 vaccination in children and adolescents aged 12 to 17 years, and China has also approved the phased vaccination of COVID-19 vaccination in children and adolescents aged 3 to 17 years. For smooth advancement and implementation of COVID-19 vaccination in children, academic institutions, including National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Children's Health, and The Society of Pediatrics, Chinese Medical Association organized relevant experts to reach this consensus on COVID-19 vaccination in children. Copyright © 2021 by the Chinese Medical Association.
ABSTRACT
Purpose/Objective(s): Cancer patients are increasingly using the Internet to educate themselves about COVID-19. Recent studies have shown that cancer patients are at risk of more serious outcomes of COVID-19 compared to the general population. Some cancer treatments such as chemotherapy can impact the immune system, which may make COVID-19 infection more dangerous. This study looks to systematically examine the quality of web resources available for cancer patients about COVID-19. Materials/Methods: The term “COVID-19 Risk and Cancer” was searched in Google and metasearch engines Yippy and Dogpile. URLs were recorded from each search and inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. The results from the 3 lists were combined to come up with a final list based on overall average rank order. This list was analyzed using a previously validated structured rating tool with respect to accountability, currency, interactivity, readability, and content coverage and accuracy. Results: 398 websites were identified prior (this includes overlap between the three search sites used), 37 websites were included for analysis. Out of 37 websites, only 43% disclosed authorship and 24% cited sources. Most websites (76%) revealed date of creation, and 32% were updated less than 3 months before the date of search. 68% of websites enabled questions to be sent to the author or webmaster regarding COVID-19 risk queries. 54% of websites had high school readability (8.0-12.0), 43% were at university level or above, and only one website demonstrated the recommended reading level for general public (below 8.0). Topics most commonly discussed were special consideration for cancer patients in COVID-19 (84%), COVID-19 risk factors (73%), and infection prevention (62%), while topics least covered were COVID-19 incidence/prevalence (5%), prognosis (8%), and treatment (16%). Conclusion: There is some COVID-19 in cancer risk information available online, but quality is variable. The total number of sites with relevant information related to COVID-19 and cancer was relatively low and many sites lacked markers for accountability. Some information may not be up to date and content may be difficult to comprehend. Healthcare professionals may direct cancer patients to the most reliable online resources about COVID-19 and cancer shown in this study. In addition, this may be helpful to consider when designing comprehensive web resources regarding COVID-19.