Antibiotic stewardship in ICU during covid-19

Antibiotic resistance rates and illnesses caused by antibiotic-resistant organisms are on the rise. Antimicrobial overuse and misuse, as well as the need to optimize antimicrobial usage, are key contributors to resistance development. Although bacterial coinfection rates were modest in coronavirus illness, antibiotic consumption rates were relatively high. 2019 Antibiotic stewardship programs (ASPs) attempt to improve patient outcomes, reduce hospital costs, and avoid antibiotic resistance by optimizing antimicrobial prescribing patterns. Clinicians may be directed to administer antibiotics based on the presentation of patients with severe coronavirus illness in 2019. Because primary evidence implies that bacterial infection is uncommon in COVID 19, antibiotic selection through COVID 19 may promote antibiotic resistance. As a result, it's critical to keep antimicrobial stewardship initiatives going. The widespread use of antibiotics in the ICU has significant ecological consequences, promoting the spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDRB) in this setting. As a result, the main goals of AMS programs in the ICU are to improve infection control and reduce AMR during the pandemic. Antibiotic resistance rates and illnesses caused by antibiotic-resistant organisms are on the rise. Antimicrobial overuse and misuse, as well as the need to optimize antimicrobial usage, are key contributors to resistance development. The number of people who used antibiotics was extremely significant. © 2021, SILAE (Italo-Latin American Society of Ethnomedicine). All rights reserved.

Antibiotic Misuse during COVID-19 Pandemic: Review Study

The beginning of the year 2019 has changed the face of the world as it was noticeable emergence of Corona Virus disease (COVID-19). This virus has spread to cover almost all the nations of the world as well as, and has paralyzed every sector even detailed life of people whom have been required compulsory to stay at home in incarceration. There have been a lot of studies that have required to investigate the effect of this pandemic from different standpoints, and to analyze the medications being applied especially the misuse of antibiotics of different categories, and which have been although many studies found that weak managing of the antibiotic and misusing it has resulted into catastrophic results,as ensured many researchers throughout the worl d. Thus the WHO has informed the governments that misuse of the antibiotic might be like “pouring the oil on the fire”,and there is a prerequisite to get antibiotic use to be managed well according to the results that this review has reached by studying several reports and studies carried out by distinguished researchers throughout the globe, and to investigate how using antibiotic to effectively be governed. However, this study will pay attention to how the antibiotic has been misused during the pandemic in many countries. The objective of this review is to learn more about researches carried out on the misuse of antibiotic during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Assessment of anxiety level and sleep quality of medical staff treating patients with COVID-19.

OBJECTIVE: Worldwide transmission of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) and related morbidity and mortality has presented a global challenge for several reasons. One such underrecognized and unaddressed aspect is the emotional health problems that medical staff have developed during this pandemic. The purpose of this one-month study was to examine anxiety levels and sleep quality of 100 medical staff members who worked in medical clinics treating COVID-19 patients in Saudi hospitals and to investigate the association of both anxiety levels and sleep quality with age, sex, and distinctive demographics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We investigated anxiety levels and sleep quality of 100 medical staff members (age range 20-60 years) who worked in medical clinics treating COVID-19 patients in Saudi hospitals and the association of both anxiety levels and sleep quality with age, sex, and distinctive demographics. Anxiety levels and sleep quality were measured using the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (SAS and PSQI, respectively). RESULTS: A significant increment in anxiety and poor sleep quality was found in medical staff caring for COVID-19 patients. Anxiety levels in females were higher than males; however, poor sleep quality was somewhat higher in males vs. females but did not vary between age groups. Age was significantly negatively correlated with anxiety symptoms; individuals < 40 years old vs. ≥ 40 had more significant anxiety levels. We observed that medical staff with top-level salaries demonstrated a significant correlation (p = 0.028) between poor sleep quality and ill effects vs. those who had lower pay rates. A correlation between income and anxiety was not found. CONCLUSIONS: The higher the probability and intensity of exposure to coronavirus patients, the more noteworthy the danger that medical staff will experience the ill effects of mental issues.

Punicalagin and zinc (II) ions inhibit the activity of SARS-CoV-2 3CL-protease in vitro.

OBJECTIVE: Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) has now been declared as a worldwide pandemic. Currently, no drugs have been endorsed for its treatment; in this manner, a pressing need has been developed for any antiviral drugs that will treat COVID-19. Coronaviruses require the SARS-CoV-2 3CL-Protease (3CL-protease) for cleavage of its polyprotein to yield a single useful protein and assume a basic role in the disease progression. In this study, we demonstrated that punicalagin, the fundamental active element of pomegranate in addition to the combination of punicalagin with zinc (Zn) II, appear to show powerful inhibitory activity against SARS-CoV-2. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The 3CL protease assay kit was used to quantify 3CL protease action. The tetrazolium dye, MTS, was used to evaluate cytotoxicity. RESULTS: Punicalagin showed inhibitory action against the 3CL-protease in a dose-dependent manner, and IC50 was found to be 6.192 µg/ml for punicalagin. Punicalagin (10 µg/mL) demonstrated a significant inhibitory activity toward 3CL-protease activity (p < 0.001), yet when punicalagin is combined with zinc sulfate monohydrate (punicalagin/Zn-II) extremely strong 3CL-protease activity (p < 0.001) was obtained. The action of 3CL-protease with punicalagin/Zn-II was decreased by approximately 4.4-fold in contrast to only punicalagin (10 µg/mL). Likewise, we did not notice any significant cytotoxicity caused by punicalagin, Zn-II, or punicalagin/Zn-II. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that these compounds could be used as potential antiviral drugs against COVID-19.