ABSTRACT
The novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) is characterized by a high incidence of damage not only to the bronchopulmonary system, but also to the gastrointestinal tract. The problem of patients with bowel diseases was reviewed in this research the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and the importance of vaccination this group of patients was reflected and approaches to it were described. The analysis of biomedical literature data on the problem of vaccination of patients with intestinal diseases against COVID-19 was carried out.Copyright © 2022 Sorbtsionnye i Khromatograficheskie Protsessy. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
The problem of COVID-19 vaccination in patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases is discussed. There is an increased risk of viral infections in these patients. Attending physicians should provide patients with rheumatic diseases with complete information about the risks and benefits of COVID-19 immunoprophylaxis. The use of immunosuppressive drugs, rather than the diseases themselves, can reduce the level of post-vaccination immune response. This requires choosing the optimal time for carrying out COVID-19 vaccination in this group of patients. Fragments of European and American recommendations on vaccination against COVID-19 in patients with rheumatic diseases are given.Copyright © 2022 Infectious Diseases: News, Opinions, Training.
ABSTRACT
In the context of a pandemic of a new coronavirus infection, vaccine prophylaxis within the framework of the National Calendar of Preventive Vaccinations (NCPV) is an absolute priority in the fight against infectious diseases. The lecture presents the structure and features of the NCPV, the main directions of its improvement, information on the priority infections for vaccination. The strategy of immunization throughout life, which guarantees the creation of maximum protection against infections and preservation of the optimal level of health of people without age restrictions, is considered. Information is provided on approaches to vaccination of various patient populations against new coronavirus, pertussis, pneumococcal, and rotavirus infections. The presented lecture materials can be useful both to medical students and doctors of various specialties (infectious disease specialists, pediatricians, epidemiologists, bacteriologists).Copyright © 2022 by the authors.
ABSTRACT
Aim. To study the effect of inhalation therapy with an active hydrogen (AH) on the protein composition of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) in patients with post-COVID syndrome (PCS). Material and methods. This randomized controlled parallel prospective study included 60 patients after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with PCS during the recovery period and clinical manifestations of chronic fatigue syndrome who received standard therapy according to the protocol for managing patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). The patients were divided into 2 groups: group 1 (main) - 30 people who received standard therapy and AH inhalations (SUISONIA, Japan) for 10 days, and group 2 (control) - 30 medical workers who received only standard therapy. Patients in both groups were comparable in sex and mean age. All participants in the study were sampled with EBC on days 1 and 10. Samples were subjected to tryptic digestion and high-performance liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry analysis using a nanoflow chromatograph (Dionex 3000) in tandem with a high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometer (timsTOF Pro). Results. A total of 478 proteins and 1350 peptides were identified using high resolution mass spectrometry. The number of proteins in samples after AH therapy, on average, is 12% more than before treatment. An analysis of the distribution of proteins in different groups of patients showed that only half of these proteins (112) are common for all groups of samples and are detected in EBC before, after, and regardless of hydrogen therapy. In addition to the qualitative difference in the EBC protein compositions in different groups, quantitative changes in the concentration of 36 proteins (mainly structural and protective) were also revealed, which together made it possible to reliably distinguish between subgroups before and after treatment. It is worth noting that among these proteins there are participants of blood coagulation (alpha-1-antitrypsin), chemokine- and cytokine-mediated inflammation, and a number of signaling pathways (cytoplasmic actin 2), response to oxidative stress (thioredoxin), glycolysis (glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate dehydrogenase), etc. Conclusion. The use of hydrogen therapy can contribute to the switching of a number of physiological processes, which may affect the success of recovery in PCS patients. In particular, the obtained results indicate the activation of aerobic synthesis of adenosine triphosphate in mitochondria by hydrogen therapy, which correlates well with the decrease in the blood lactate level detected by laboratory studies. At the same time, this therapy can inhibit pro-inflammatory activity, negatively affecting the coagulation and signaling pathways of integrins and apoptosis, and, in addition, activate protective pathways, tricarboxylic acid cycle, FAS signaling, and purine metabolism, which may be essential for effective recovery after COVID-19.Copyright © 2023 Vserossiiskoe Obshchestvo Kardiologov. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
The post-COVID-19 recovery period is characterized by persistence of some symptoms, with immunological alterations being of great importance. Development of preventive measures to normalize mucosal immunity after a coronavirus infection determines the relevance of the current study. The aim was to study dynamics of clinical symptoms and level of secretory immunoglobulin A in individuals after a novel coronavirus infection as well as evaluate effectiveness of using IFN alpha-2b. Materials and methods. A study was conducted with patients aged 18 to 60 years old (n = 130), surveyed 1 to 9 months after post-infection, as well as in apparently healthy individuals lacking COVID-19 (n = 15). Previous novel coronavirus infection and post-COVID manifestations were verified based on medical documentation, complaints, anamnesis data, physical examination and questionnaires. The concentration of salivatory and nasopharyngeal mucosal sIgA was measured dynamically prior to and after administration of local therapy with IFN alpha-2b (gel applied intranasally twice a day for 30 days). Results. The acute period of COVID-19 was characterized by fever, anosmia, severe asthenia (fatigue and weakness), muscle and joint pain. Among the post-COVID manifestations at early period (1-3 months), pain in the joints and muscles (75.0%) as well as elevated body temperature (21.2%) were reliably detected, whereas in the long period (6-9 months) there were revealed dominance with the same frequency of shortness of breath, muscle and joint pain (75.8%, respectively). Based on examination data in healthy subjects, there was determined an arbitrary normal range of secretory IgA in saliva - 6.45 +/- 1.81 mg/ml and nasal swabs - 13.43 +/- 3.24 mg/ml. In the group of patients 1-3 months post-infection, therapy with IFN alpha-2b one month later resulted in significantly increased level of secretory IgA in saliva (from 1.84 +/- 0.28 to 5.78 +/- 1.96 mg/ml) and in nasal swabs (from 28.61 +/- 3.0 to 39.83 +/- 3.85 mg/ml) by more than 3-and 1.5-fold, respectively. In the group of patients without therapy was featured with stably sustained decline in sIgA level up to 9 months after COVID-19. In particular, the level of saliva sIgA ranged from 2.36 +/- 0.56 down to 2.16 +/- 0.66 mg/ml, and in nasal smears - from 15.66 +/- 1.32 to 10.23 +/- 1.07 mg/ml that differed insignificantly compared to baseline level. The rate of respiratory diseases prevailed in this group (27.6% of cases), which fully lacked in the group of topically administered IFN alpha-2b. Conclusion. In the post-COVID period, multiple organ disorders persist and reduced sIgA level is registered. Intranasally applied IFN alpha-2b made possible to normalize sIgA level and prevent accumulation of respiratory infectious pathologies.
ABSTRACT
The post-COVID-19 recovery period is characterized by persistence of some symptoms, with immunological alterations being of great importance. Development of preventive measures to normalize mucosal immunity after a coronavirus infection determines the relevance of the current study. The aim was to study dynamics of clinical symptoms and level of secretory immunoglobulin A in individuals after a novel coronavirus infection as well as evaluate effectiveness of using IFNalpha-2b. Materials and methods. A study was conducted with patients aged 18 to 60 years old (n = 130), surveyed 1 to 9 months after post-infection, as well as in apparently healthy individuals lacking COVID-19 (n = 15). Previous novel coronavirus infection and post-COVID manifestations were verified based on medical documentation, complaints, anamnesis data, physical examination and questionnaires. The concentration of salivatory and nasopharyngeal mucosal sIgA was measured dynamically prior to and after administration of local therapy with IFNalpha-2b (gel applied intranasally twice a day for 30 days). Results. The acute period of COVID-19 was characterized by fever, anosmia, severe asthenia (fatigue and weakness), muscle and joint pain. Among the post-COVID manifestations at early period (1-3 months), pain in the joints and muscles (75.0%) as well as elevated body temperature (21.2%) were reliably detected, whereas in the long period (6-9 months) there were revealed dominance with the same frequency of shortness of breath, muscle and joint pain (75.8%, respectively). Based on examination data in healthy subjects, there was determined an arbitrary normal range of secretory IgA in saliva - 6.45+/-1.81 mg/ml and nasal swabs - 13.43+/-3.24 mg/ml. In the group of patients 1-3 months post-infection, therapy with IFNalpha-2b one month later resulted in significantly increased level of secretory IgA in saliva (from 1.84+/-0.28 to 5.78+/-1.96 mg/ml) and in nasal swabs (from 28.61+/-3.0 to 39.83+/-3.85 mg/ml) by more than 3- and 1.5-fold, respectively. In the group of patients without therapy was featured with stably sustained decline in sIgA level up to 9 months after COVID-19. In particular, the level of saliva sIgA ranged from 2.36+/-0.56 down to 2.16+/-0.66 mg/ml, and in nasal smears - from 15.66+/-1.32 to 10.23+/-1.07 mg/ml that differed insignificantly compared to baseline level. The rate of respiratory diseases prevailed in this group (27.6% of cases), which fully lacked in the group of topically administered IFNalpha-2b. Conclusion. In the post-COVID period, multiple organ disorders persist and reduced sIgA level is registered. Intranasally applied IFNalpha-2b made possible to normalize sIgA level and prevent accumulation of respiratory infectious pathologies.Copyright © 2022 Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
Secretory immunoglobulin A, as a marker of the immune response in the mucous membrane, is an available indicator for detecting changes in the local immunity of mucous patients who have undergone COVID-19. Objective. To evaluate the dynamics of changes in the level of sIgA in saliva samples and the effectiveness of the use of interferon alpha-2b in individuals after a coronavirus infection. Patients and methods. Patients aged 18 to 60 years after COVID-19 infection (group 1 on therapy, n = 65;group 2 without therapy, n = 65) and conditionally healthy individuals (control group, n = 15) were monitored. The material is saliva samples, where the sIgA level was determined initially and after a month. The drug - interferon alpha-2b, in the form of a gel for topical use (Viferon, dosage 36,000 IU/g) was administered intranasally 2 times a day, for 1 month. Results. In all groups of patients who underwent COVID-19, the level of saliva sIgA was lower compared to the conditional norm of healthy individuals (6,45 +/- 1,81 mg/ml). A month after the administration of interferon alpha-2b the best effect was observed in patients in the time interval of 1-3 months from the infection, where sIgA was noted a statistically significant increase from 1,84 +/- 0,28 to 5,78 +/- 1,96 mg/ml. In the groups of patients with later terms, a moderate increase in sIgA was determined (3-6 months: 2,83 +/- 0,71 to 3,33 +/- 1,78 mg/ml;6-9 months: 3,53 +/- 0,45 to 4,76 +/- 2,3 mg/ml) and the absence of infectious diseases during rehabilitation period. In the group without therapy, in all temporal aspects, a persistent decrease in sIgA indicators below normal values was revealed, and the frequency of incidence of respiratory viral infections was noted in 9,2% of cases. Conclusions. During the rehabilitation period, the greatest changes in sIgA in saliva were observed in patients in the first 3 months after the COVID infection. The administration of interferon alpha-2b to patients in the post-COVID period is accompanied by the normalization of sIgA and prevents the development of respiratory infections. In similar groups, after COVID-19 without therapy, the indicator tends to decrease, and this category of people is at a higher risk of developing other infectious pathologies.Copyright © 2022, Dynasty Publishing House. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
The post-COVID-19 recovery period is characterized by persistence of some symptoms, with immunological alterations being of great importance. Development of preventive measures to normalize mucosal immunity after a coronavirus infection determines the relevance of the current study. The aim was to study dynamics of clinical symptoms and level of secretory immunoglobulin A in individuals after a novel coronavirus infection as well as evaluate effectiveness of using IFNα-2b. Materials and methods. A study was conducted with patients aged 18 to 60 years old (n = 130), surveyed 1 to 9 months after post-infection, as well as in apparently healthy individuals lacking COVID-19 (n = 15). Previous novel coronavirus infection and post-COVID manifestations were verified based on medical documentation, complaints, anamnesis data, physical examination and questionnaires. The concentration of salivatory and nasopharyngeal mucosal sIgA was measured dynamically prior to and after administration of local therapy with IFNα-2b (gel applied intranasally twice a day for 30 days). Results. The acute period of COVID-19 was characterized by fever, anosmia, severe asthenia (fatigue and weakness), muscle and joint pain. Among the post-COVID manifestations at early period (1–3 months), pain in the joints and muscles (75.0%) as well as elevated body temperature (21.2%) were reliably detected, whereas in the long period (6–9 months) there were revealed dominance with the same frequency of shortness of breath, muscle and joint pain (75.8%, respectively). Based on examination data in healthy subjects, there was determined an arbitrary normal range of secretory IgA in saliva — 6.45±1.81 mg/ml and nasal swabs — 13.43±3.24 mg/ml. In the group of patients 1–3 months post-infection, therapy with IFNα-2b one month later resulted in significantly increased level of secretory IgA in saliva (from 1.84±0.28 to 5.78±1.96 mg/ml) and in nasal swabs (from 28.61±3.0 to 39.83±3.85 mg/ml) by more than 3- and 1.5-fold, respectively. In the group of patients without therapy was featured with stably sustained decline in sIgA level up to 9 months after COVID-19. In particular, the level of saliva sIgA ranged from 2.36±0.56 down to 2.16±0.66 mg/ml, and in nasal smears — from 15.66±1.32 to 10.23±1.07 mg/ml that differed insignificantly compared to baseline level. The rate of respiratory diseases prevailed in this group (27.6% of cases), which fully lacked in the group of topically administered IFNα-2b. Conclusion. In the post-COVID period, multiple organ disorders persist and reduced sIgA level is registered. Intranasally applied IFNα-2b made possible to normalize sIgA level and prevent accumulation of respiratory infectious pathologies.
ABSTRACT
The post-COVID-19 recovery period is characterized by persistence of some symptoms, with immunological alterations being of great importance. Development of preventive measures to normalize mucosal immunity after a coronavirus infection determines the relevance of the current study. The aim was to study dynamics of clinical symptoms and level of secretory immunoglobulin A in individuals after a novel coronavirus infection as well as evaluate effectiveness of using IFNalpha-2b. Materials and methods. A study was conducted with patients aged 18 to 60 years old (n = 130), surveyed 1 to 9 months after post-infection, as well as in apparently healthy individuals lacking COVID-19 (n = 15). Previous novel coronavirus infection and post-COVID manifestations were verified based on medical documentation, complaints, anamnesis data, physical examination and questionnaires. The concentration of salivatory and nasopharyngeal mucosal sIgA was measured dynamically prior to and after administration of local therapy with IFNalpha-2b (gel applied intranasally twice a day for 30 days). Results. The acute period of COVID-19 was characterized by fever, anosmia, severe asthenia (fatigue and weakness), muscle and joint pain. Among the post-COVID manifestations at early period (1-3 months), pain in the joints and muscles (75.0%) as well as elevated body temperature (21.2%) were reliably detected, whereas in the long period (6-9 months) there were revealed dominance with the same frequency of shortness of breath, muscle and joint pain (75.8%, respectively). Based on examination data in healthy subjects, there was determined an arbitrary normal range of secretory IgA in saliva - 6.45+/-1.81 mg/ml and nasal swabs - 13.43+/-3.24 mg/ml. In the group of patients 1-3 months post-infection, therapy with IFNalpha-2b one month later resulted in significantly increased level of secretory IgA in saliva (from 1.84+/-0.28 to 5.78+/-1.96 mg/ml) and in nasal swabs (from 28.61+/-3.0 to 39.83+/-3.85 mg/ml) by more than 3- and 1.5-fold, respectively. In the group of patients without therapy was featured with stably sustained decline in sIgA level up to 9 months after COVID-19. In particular, the level of saliva sIgA ranged from 2.36+/-0.56 down to 2.16+/-0.66 mg/ml, and in nasal smears - from 15.66+/-1.32 to 10.23+/-1.07 mg/ml that differed insignificantly compared to baseline level. The rate of respiratory diseases prevailed in this group (27.6% of cases), which fully lacked in the group of topically administered IFNalpha-2b. Conclusion. In the post-COVID period, multiple organ disorders persist and reduced sIgA level is registered. Intranasally applied IFNalpha-2b made possible to normalize sIgA level and prevent accumulation of respiratory infectious pathologies. Copyright © 2022 Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
Secretory immunoglobulin A, as a marker of the immune response in the mucous membrane, is an available indicator for detecting changes in the local immunity of mucous patients who have undergone COVID-19. Objective. To evaluate the dynamics of changes in the level of sIgA in saliva samples and the effectiveness of the use of interferon alpha-2b in individuals after a coronavirus infection. Patients and methods. Patients aged 18 to 60 years after COVID-19 infection (group 1 on therapy, n = 65;group 2 without therapy, n = 65) and conditionally healthy individuals (control group, n = 15) were monitored. The material is saliva samples, where the sIgA level was determined initially and after a month. The drug - interferon alpha-2b, in the form of a gel for topical use (Viferon, dosage 36,000 IU/g) was administered intranasally 2 times a day, for 1 month. Results. In all groups of patients who underwent COVID-19, the level of saliva sIgA was lower compared to the conditional norm of healthy individuals (6,45 +/- 1,81 mg/ml). A month after the administration of interferon alpha-2b the best effect was observed in patients in the time interval of 1-3 months from the infection, where sIgA was noted a statistically significant increase from 1,84 +/- 0,28 to 5,78 +/- 1,96 mg/ml. In the groups of patients with later terms, a moderate increase in sIgA was determined (3-6 months: 2,83 +/- 0,71 to 3,33 +/- 1,78 mg/ml;6-9 months: 3,53 +/- 0,45 to 4,76 +/- 2,3 mg/ml) and the absence of infectious diseases during rehabilitation period. In the group without therapy, in all temporal aspects, a persistent decrease in sIgA indicators below normal values was revealed, and the frequency of incidence of respiratory viral infections was noted in 9,2% of cases. Conclusions. During the rehabilitation period, the greatest changes in sIgA in saliva were observed in patients in the first 3 months after the COVID infection. The administration of interferon alpha-2b to patients in the post-COVID period is accompanied by the normalization of sIgA and prevents the development of respiratory infections. In similar groups, after COVID-19 without therapy, the indicator tends to decrease, and this category of people is at a higher risk of developing other infectious pathologies. Copyright © 2022, Dynasty Publishing House. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
The problem of COVID-19 vaccination in patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases is discussed. There is an increased risk of viral infections in these patients. Attending physicians should provide patients with rheumatic diseases with complete information about the risks and benefits of COVID-19 immunoprophylaxis. The use of immunosuppressive drugs, rather than the diseases themselves, can reduce the level of post-vaccination immune response. This requires choosing the optimal time for carrying out COVID-19 vaccination in this group of patients. Fragments of European and American recommendations on vaccination against COVID-19 in patients with rheumatic diseases are given. © 2022 Infectious Diseases: News, Opinions, Training.
ABSTRACT
The novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) is characterized by a high incidence of damage not only to the bronchopulmonary system, but also to the gastrointestinal tract. The problem of patients with bowel diseases was reviewed in this research the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and the importance of vaccination this group of patients was reflected and approaches to it were described. The analysis of biomedical literature data on the problem of vaccination of patients with intestinal diseases against COVID-19 was carried out. © 2022 Sorbtsionnye i Khromatograficheskie Protsessy. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
Immune defense mechanisms in survivors of the COronaVIrus Disease-19 (COVID-19) and development of their rehabilitation during the pandemic both portray a great scientific and practical interest. The aim of the study was to explore effect of Immunovac-VP-4 (I-VP-4), a vaccine based on bacterial ligands, on the clinical and airway mucosal immunity parameters, along with systemic immune response in a group of medical workers in post-COVID period and in persons who did not develop the disease. Methods. 82 healthcare workers aged from 18 to 65 years were included in a prospective open controlled study. The participants were divided into 4 groups: groups 1 (n = 20) and 2 (n = 27) included those with a history of COVID-19, and groups 3 (n = 18) and 4 (n = 17) included those who did not have the disease. Volunteers in groups 1 and 3 received I-VP-4. Samples of oral fluid, induced sputum, nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal mucosa scrapings, and venous blood were examined. The levels of total secretory immunoglobulin class A (sIgA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) were determined by enzyme immunoassay. The phagocytic index (PI) of leukocytes was assessed by flow cytometry. Results. The group of patients who did not have COVID-19 and received IVP-4 (Group 3) showed a tendency to a smaller number of COVID-19 cases, as well as some reduction in days of incapacity for work due to the acute respiratory infections (ARI). The vaccine improved airway mucosal immunity parameters and innate immune response. sIgA increased in the induced sputum (p < 0.005) and unchanged in the oropharyngeal mucosa samples in Group 1. The PI of macrophages in oral fluid doubled (p < 0.05) in this group. At the same time, those parameters decreased in Group 2. In non-infected vaccinated patients (Group 3), a significant increase of PI of blood monocytes was found on the day 90 of the study (p < 0.05). Also, a four-fold increase of PI of macrophages in oral fluid in comparison with Group 4 (p < 0.05) was noted. Conclusion. I-VP-4 improved airway mucosal immunity mechanisms and the systemic immune response. The vaccine can be recommended for rehabilitation programs for COVID-19 survivors and for prevention of ARIs. Copyright © 2022 Medical Education. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
The new coronavirus infection pandemic has had a major impact on public health. In order to decrease the volume of severe cases the mass vaccination is needed. The purpose of the study was to analyze the results of immunization of children against COVID-19. Materials and methods of the research: a single-center cohort prospective continuous study of the results of the COVID-19 vaccination in children and adolescents was carried out in Feb. - Mar. 2022. The research included 385 children and adolescents aged 12 to 17 years old divided into 2 groups: children aged 12 to 14 and adolescents aged 15 to 17 y/o. The combined vector-based vaccine <<Gam-COVID-Vac-M>> with two stages and 21 days interstage interval was used. The general and local reactions were studied for 42 days in both groups. Result(s): the impaired health and local reactions after the 1st stage of vaccination were statistically significantly more common in girls aged 12 to 14 y/o: 8 (16.0%) compared to 2 (2.9%) boys (p=0.0012). Among adolescents aged 15 to 17 y/o statistically significant differences between boys and girls were recorded after the 2nd stage of vaccination in the forms of: violation of well-being: in 36 (20.5%) boys and 37 (40.6%) girls (p=0.007);subfebrile condition in the 1st day after the vaccination in 33 (18.7%) boys and 36 (39.5%) girls (p=0.004). Conclusion(s): despite the insufficient number of cases studied and the impossibility for the researcher to control all the key parameters that contribute to the assessment of the tolerability of the 1st and the 2nd stages of vaccination, the results indicate the good tolerability and safety of vaccination against COVID-19 in children and adolescents. The results obtained indicate the statistically significant differences between the group of children aged 12 to 14 y/o, in whom 98 (83.1%) vaccinated had an uncomplicated course of the early post-vaccination period, compared to adolescents aged 15 to 17 y/o, where only 194 (72.7%) had an uncomplicated course of the early post-vaccination period (p=0.029). Copyright © 2022, Pediatria Ltd.. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
Relevance. To date, there is ample evidence that diabetes mellitus (DM) and obesity are predictors of a severe course and adverse outcome of COVID-19. The SARS-CoV-2 virus is known to have deleterious effects on the pancreas, exacerbating insulin resistance The SARS-CoV-2 virus is known to have deleterious effects on the pancreas, exacerbating insulin resistance. Long-term data have been accumulated regarding pneumococcal infection and influenza, both of which are severe in patients with diabetes and obesity. The aim is to analyze scientific publications on the problems of vaccinating patients with diabetes and obesity against SARS-CoV-2, pneumococcal infection, and influenza. Conclusions. Vaccination against COVID-19 in patients with DM and obesity is an effective preventive measure. Experience with vaccination against COVID-19 using the following vaccines: Moderna mRNA-1273, PfizerBioNTech, BNT162b2, AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine AZD1222, SII Covishield, SK Bioscience, Sputnik V showed similar safety and efficacy profiles among obese and DM patients and those at risk. Researchers in numerous publications have emphasized the importance of routine vaccination for people living with diabetes amid a pandemic of a new coronavirus infection. Researchers in numerous publications have emphasized the importance of routine vaccination for people living with diabetes in the face of a new coronavirus pandemic. Analysis of the literature reviewed in this review suggests that vaccination against SARS-CoV-2, especially for those at risk, will be an intensive area of research in the coming years and that vaccination against coronavirus infection is likely to be routine for people with diabetes and obesity. © 2022, Numikom. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
Solid organ recipients represent a high risk group for all adverse outcomes associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection due to the immunosuppressive treatment and the presence of comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and arterial hypertension. The aim of the study was to assess the ability of solid organ recipients to form immune response after vaccination against a new coronavirus infection and safety of the vaccines in this population. Conclusion. An analysis of the literature and the results obtained in Russia show that vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 do not cause unusual clinical events in recipients of solid organs. Levels of post-vaccination antibodies in these patients, especially in the elderly patients shortly after transplantation who take antimetabolites, are lower than in the general population. This group of patients needs alternative immunization schemes against the new coronavirus infection, which may include more than two booster doses or a combination of different types of vaccines, as well as doubling the vaccine dose. © 2022 Medical Education. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
The main focus in the course of COVID-19 goes on assessing the overall immune response. The role of mucosal immunity in this disease has not been studied sufficiently. The study aimed to analyze published data about secretory IgA as a significant indicator of the mucosal immune response of the respiratory tract in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods. Articles were identified via PubMed bibliographic database. The time-span of research was two years (2020, 2021). Results. The search identified 54 articles. There is evidence that secretory IgA (sIgA) is the main antibody isotype of the mucosal immunity. It is produced in quantities significantly higher than those of all other isotypes of immunoglobulins combined. sIgA antibodies are effective against various pathogens, including the SARS-CoV-2 virus, due to mechanisms such as neutralization, suppression of adhesion to the mucosal surface and invasion of epithelial cells, agglutination and facilitating the removal of pathogenic microorganisms with the mucosal secretions. Virus-specific IgA antibodies in the blood serum are detected in patients with COVID-19 as early as two days after the first symptoms, while IgM or IgG class antibodies appear only after 5 days. We accessed the efficacy of intranasal immunization as to induction of predominant production of sIgA in the upper and lower respiratory tract. Conclusion. The current information on the local immune response of the respiratory mucosa is important for understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms of the disease, diagnosis, and development of new methods of treatment and prevention of COVID-19.
ABSTRACT
In the context of a pandemic of a new coronavirus infection, vaccine prophylaxis within the framework of the National Calendar of Preventive Vaccinations (NCPV) is an absolute priority in the fight against infectious diseases. The lecture presents the structure and features of the NCPV, the main directions of its improvement, information on the priority infections for vaccination. The strategy of immunization throughout life, which guarantees the creation of maximum protection against infections and preservation of the optimal level of health of people without age restrictions, is considered. Information is provided on approaches to vaccination of various patient populations against new coronavirus, pertussis, pneumococcal, and rotavirus infections. The presented lecture materials can be useful both to medical students and doctors of various specialties (infectious disease specialists, pediatricians, epidemiologists, bacteriologists). © 2022 by the authors.
ABSTRACT
Relevance. Currently, the development of vaccines against COVID-19, their clinical trials are actively continuing, and the effectiveness of the vaccines used is being analyzed. A very important issue will be how and when to vaccinate patients with various chronic diseases, what are the relative and absolute contraindications for vaccination, how various diseases can affect the effectiveness of vaccination. Aims. To present an overview of the most significant published materials on the issue of vaccination against COVID-19 patients with allergic diseases, as well as the likelihood of developing adverse events of an allergic nature in response to the introduction of the vaccine. Conclusions. An active study of vaccines, their effectiveness and safety, demonstrates to us the high reliability of these drugs and the absence of high risks of adverse events in comparison with other vaccines. Anaphylactic reactions to the introduction of COVID-19 vaccines are not more common than for any other vaccines used in international medical practice. © Markelova EV, et al.
ABSTRACT
Aim of the study: to discuss available information on vaccination of pregnant and breastfeeding women against COVID-19. Pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 infection are at high risk of developing severe COVID-19 and adverse outcomes due to increased rates of preterm birth, caesarean section, and neonatal admissions to the intensive care unit. Concomitant chronic diseases increase the number of maternal and fetal complications. Taking into account the passive immunization of the newborn by transplacental transfer of maternal protective antibodies into the fetus and newborn blood circulation and then through breast milk, the role of vaccination in pregnant and breastfeeding women increases. Conclusions: after an individual risk-benefit assessment, COVID-19 vaccine should be recommended for pregnant and breastfeeding women.