Occurrence, transformation, bioaccumulation, risk and analysis of pharmaceutical and personal care products from wastewater: a review.

Almost all aspects of society from food security to disease control and prevention have benefited from pharmaceutical and personal care products, yet these products are a major source of contamination that ends up in wastewater and ecosystems. This issue has been sharply accentuated during the coronavirus disease pandemic 2019 (COVID-19) due to the higher use of disinfectants and other products. Here we review pharmaceutical and personal care products with focus on their occurrence in the environment, detection, risk, and removal. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10311-022-01498-7.

Serological Immune Response Following ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Vaccine (Covishield®) in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis.

INTRODUCTION: Data are limited on antibody response to the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222; Covishield®) in cirrhosis. We studied the antibody response following two doses of the ChAdOx1 vaccine, given 4-12 weeks apart, in cirrhosis. METHODS: Prospectively enrolled, 131 participants (71% males; age 50 (43-58); alcohol-related etiology 14, hepatitis B 33, hepatitis C 46, cryptogenic 21, autoimmune 9, others 8; Child-Turcott-Pugh class A/B/C 52/63/16). According to dose intervals, the participants were grouped as ≤6 weeks (group I), 7-12 weeks (group II), and 13-36 weeks (group III). Blood specimens collected at ≥4 weeks after the second dose were tested for anti-spike antibody titre (ASAb; positive ≥ 0.80 U/mL) and neutralizing antibody (NAb; positive ≥20% neutralization) using Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S (Roche) and SARS-CoV-2 NAb ELISA Kit (Invitrogen), respectively. Data are expressed as number (proportion) and median (interquartile range) and compared using non-parametric tests. RESULTS: Overall, 99.2% and 84% patients developed ASAb (titre 5440 (1719-9980 U/mL)) and NAb (92 (49.1-97.6%)), respectively. When comparing between the study groups, the ASAb titres were significantly higher in group II than in group I (2613 (310-7518) versus 6365 (2968-9463), p = 0.027) but were comparable between group II and III (6365 (2968-9463) versus 5267 (1739-11,653), p = 0.999). Similarly, NAb was higher in group II than in group I (95.5 (57.6-98.0) versus 45.9 (15.4-92.0); p < 0.001), but not between the groups II and III (95.5 (57.6-98.0) versus 92.4 (73.8-97.5); p = 0.386). CONCLUSION: Covishield® induces high titres of ASAb and NAb in cirrhosis. A higher titre is achieved if two doses are given at an interval of more than six weeks.

A Short Review Comparing Carbon-Based Electrochemical Platforms With Other Materials For Biosensing SARS-Cov-2.

Due to the 2019 SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, low-cost, fast, and user-friendly diagnostic kits for biosensing SARS-CoV-2 in real samples employing multiple working electrodes are in high demand. Choosing SARS-CoV-2 detecting electrodes is difficult because each has advantages and limitations. Carbon-based electrochemical sensing applications have attracted attention from the electrochemical sensing community because carbon and carbon-based materials have been a godsend for testing utilizing an electrochemical platform. Carbon working electrode electrochemical platforms are cost-effective and fast. Covid-sensors use carbon-based materials because they can be easily changed (with inorganic and organic functionalities), have quick response kinetics, and are chemically resistant. Covid-19 sensing materials include graphene and graphite. This review explains how carbon materials have been employed in N and S protein electrochemical detection. Here, we discussed a carbon-based technology for SARS-CoV-2 biosensing. We've compared carbon-based electrochemical sensing to different electrodes.

Recognition of Protein Network for Bioinformatics Knowledge Analysis Using Support Vector Machine.

Protein is the material foundation of living things, and it directly takes part in and runs the process of living things itself. Predicting protein complexes helps us understand the structure and function of complexes, and it is an important foundation for studying how cells work. Genome-wide protein interaction (PPI) data is growing as high-throughput experiments become more common. The aim of this research is that it provides a dual-tree complex wavelet transform which is used to find out about the structure of proteins. It also identifies the secondary structure of protein network. Many computer-based methods for predicting protein complexes have also been developed in the field. Identifying the secondary structure of a protein is very important when you are studying protein characteristics and properties. This is how the protein sequence is added to the distance matrix. The scope of this research is that it can confidently predict certain protein complexes rapidly, which compensates for shortcomings in biological research. The three-dimensional coordinates of C atom are used to do this. According to the texture information in the distance matrix, the matrix is broken down into four levels by the double-tree complex wavelet transform because it has four levels. The subband energy and standard deviation in different directions are taken, and then, the two-dimensional feature vector is used to show the secondary structure features of the protein in a way that is easy to understand. Then, the KNN and SVM classifiers are used to classify the features that were found. Experiments show that a new feature called a dual-tree complex wavelet can improve the texture granularity and directionality of the traditional feature extraction method, which is called secondary structure.

Effect on Mental Health among Undergraduate College Students of India during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Multicentric Study.

BACKGROUND: College students show higher prevalence of mental health issues as compared to the general population. Unfortunately, this year, students all over the world have to face, added pressure due to COVID-19. This study aimed to estimate the effect of COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown on the mental health of Medical and Engineering Students. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The study was carried out at different medical and engineering colleges in Bihar, Delhi and Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu. 699 responses were collected and analyzed during the study period. Data was collected by email/ online platform through Google form via non- probability Sampling Technique. Mental health status was determined by using Corona virus anxiety screening (CAS), GHQ (General Health Questionnaire)-12, GAD (General Anxiety Disorder)-7 scale and PHQ (Patient Health Questionnaire)-9 scales.369 (53%) MBBS and 330 (47%) Engineering students participated in the study. RESULTS: Maximum participants in both groups did not have anxiety related to COVID-19 (MBBS (96.8%) and Engineering (95.2%). About two-third participants secured above cut off score i.e., MBBS (62.3%) and Engineering (64.8%) in GHQ-12. Approximately comparable proportion in both groups were found to have severe anxiety and depression (16% vs 20%), when applied GAD-7 and PHQ-9. Uncertainty in the timing of the exams/ Academic delay was found to be the most worrying factor (MBBS, 41.19% vs Engineering 31.82%). CONCLUSIONS: About two-thirds of medical and engineering students psychologically equally affected by current pandemic in our study. A student wellness clinic is the need of hour in current scenario, which is supported by mental health experts (Psychiatrists, Clinical Psychologists) and residents on rotation basiswhere all psychological problem including Stress, Anxiety, Interpersonal crisis, Relationship issues and Personality problems of the students are dealt effectively in institute campus near to student residential area.