Forecasting Tourist Arrivals for Hainan Island in China with Decomposed Broad Learning before the COVID-19 Pandemic.

This study proposes a decomposed broad learning model to improve the forecasting accuracy for tourism arrivals on Hainan Island in China. With decomposed broad learning, we predicted monthly tourist arrivals from 12 countries to Hainan Island. We compared the actual tourist arrivals to Hainan from the US with the predicted tourist arrivals using three models (FEWT-BL: fuzzy entropy empirical wavelet transform-based broad learning; BL: broad Learning; BPNN: back propagation neural network). The results indicated that US foreigners had the most arrivals in 12 countries, and FEWT-BL had the best performance in forecasting tourism arrivals. In conclusion, we establish a unique model for accurate tourism forecasting that can facilitate decision-making in tourism management, especially at turning points in time.

RMDisease V2.0: an updated database of genetic variants that affect RNA modifications with disease and trait implication.

Recent advances in epitranscriptomics have unveiled functional associations between RNA modifications (RMs) and multiple human diseases, but distinguishing the functional or disease-related single nucleotide variants (SNVs) from the majority of 'silent' variants remains a major challenge. We previously developed the RMDisease database for unveiling the association between genetic variants and RMs concerning human disease pathogenesis. In this work, we present RMDisease v2.0, an updated database with expanded coverage. Using deep learning models and from 873 819 experimentally validated RM sites, we identified a total of 1 366 252 RM-associated variants that may affect (add or remove an RM site) 16 different types of RNA modifications (m6A, m5C, m1A, m5U, Ψ, m6Am, m7G, A-to-I, ac4C, Am, Cm, Um, Gm, hm5C, D and f5C) in 20 organisms (human, mouse, rat, zebrafish, maize, fruit fly, yeast, fission yeast, Arabidopsis, rice, chicken, goat, sheep, pig, cow, rhesus monkey, tomato, chimpanzee, green monkey and SARS-CoV-2). Among them, 14 749 disease- and 2441 trait-associated genetic variants may function via the perturbation of epitranscriptomic markers. RMDisease v2.0 should serve as a useful resource for studying the genetic drivers of phenotypes that lie within the epitranscriptome layer circuitry, and is freely accessible at: www.rnamd.org/rmdisease2.

Comparison of shock wave lithotripsy and ureteroscopy in patients with proximal ureteral stones under the COVID-19 pandemic.

PURPOSE: To compare the effectiveness, safety, and cost between ultrasound-guided shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) with an early second session protocol and ureteroscopy (URS) in patients with proximal ureteral stones using the propensity score matching (PSM) method based on a large prospective study. METHODS: This prospective study was conducted in a tertiary hospital from June 2020 to April 2022. Patients who underwent lithotripsy (SWL or URS) for proximal ureteral stones were enrolled. The stone-free rate (SFR), complications, and cost were recorded. PSM analysis was performed. RESULTS: A total of 1230 patients were included, of whom 81.1% (998) were treated with SWL and 18.9% (232) were treated with URS. After PSM, the SWL group had an equivalent SFR at one month (88.7 vs. 83.6%, P = 0.114) compared with the URS group. Complications were rare and comparable between the two groups, while the incidence of ureteral injuries was higher in the URS group compared with the SWL group (1.4 vs. 0%, P = 0.011). The hospital stay was significantly shorter (1 day vs. 2 days, P < 0.001), and the cost was considerably less (2000 vs. 25,053, P < 0.001) in the SWL group compared with the URS group. CONCLUSION: This prospective PSM cohort demonstrated that ultrasound-guided SWL with an early second session protocol had equivalent effectiveness but better safety and lower cost compared with URS in the treatment of patients with proximal ureteral stones, whether the stones were radiopaque or radiolucent. These results will facilitate treatment decisions for proximal ureteral stones.

Advanced Vaccine Design Strategies against SARS-CoV-2 and Emerging Variants.

Vaccination is the most cost-effective means in the fight against infectious diseases. Various kinds of vaccines have been developed since the outbreak of COVID-19, some of which have been approved for clinical application. Though vaccines available achieved partial success in protecting vaccinated subjects from infection or hospitalization, numerous efforts are still needed to end the global pandemic, especially in the case of emerging new variants. Safe and efficient vaccines are the key elements to stop the pandemic from attacking the world now; novel and evolving vaccine technologies are urged in the course of fighting (re)-emerging infectious diseases. Advances in biotechnology offered the progress of vaccinology in the past few years, and lots of innovative approaches have been applied to the vaccine design during the ongoing pandemic. In this review, we summarize the state-of-the-art vaccine strategies involved in controlling the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. In addition, challenges and future directions for rational vaccine design are discussed.

An integrated dual-layer microfluidic platform for multiple respiratory viruses screening.

Currently, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the outbreak of a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is spreading rapidly worldwide. Due to the high incidence of influenza coinciding with SARS-CoV-2, rapid detection is crucial to prevent spreading. Here, we present an integrated dual-layer microfluidic platform for specific and highly sensitive SARS-CoV-2, influenza viruses A (FluA) H1N1, H3N2, and influenza virus B (FluB) simultaneous detection. The platform includes a dual microchip (Dµchip) and a portable detection device for real-time fluorescence detection, temperature control and online communication. The Reverse Transcription Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification (RT-LAMP) and Cas12a cleavage were performed on the Dµchip. The limit of detection (LoD) of the Dµchip assay was 10 copies for SARS-CoV-2, FluA H1N1, H3N2, and FluB RNAs. The Dµchip assay yielded no cross-reactivity against other coronaviruses, so it was suitable for the screening of multiple viruses. Moreover, the positive percentage agreement (PPA) and negative percentage agreement (NPA) of the assay were 97.9% and 100%, respectively, in 75 clinical samples compared to data from RT-PCR-based assays. Furthermore, the assay allowed the detection SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses in spiked samples. Overall, the present platform would provide a rapid method for the screening of multiple viruses in hospital emergency, community and primary care settings and facilitate the remote diagnosis and outbreak control of the COVID-19.

Editorial of the Special Issue "Dietary Fiber and Inflammatory Bowel Disease".

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, is a chronic disease of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract; its burden has significantly increased in recent decades, with 6.8 million cases of IBD reported in 2017 according to the Global Burden of Disease study [...].

Design, synthesis, and pharmacological evaluations of pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline-based derivatives as potent and selective sirt6 activators.

Sirt6 activation has emerged as a promising drug target for the treatment of various human diseases, while only limited Sirt6 activators have been reported. Herein, a series of novel pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline-based derivatives have been identified as potent and selective Sirt6 activators with low cytotoxicity. Sirt6-knockdown findings have validated the on-target effects of this class of Sirt6 activators. Docking studies indicate the protonated nitrogen on the side chain of 38 forms π-cation interactions with Trp188, further stabilizing it into this extended binding pocket. New compounds 35, 36, 38, 46, 47, and 50 strongly repressed LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine production, while 38 also significantly suppressed SARS-CoV-2 infection with an EC50 value of 9.3 µM. Moreover, compound 36 significantly inhibited the colony formation of cancer cells. These new molecules may serve as useful pharmacological tools or potential therapeutics against cancer, inflammation, and infectious diseases.

Wetland emission and atmospheric sink changes explain methane growth in 2020.

Atmospheric methane growth reached an exceptionally high rate of 15.1 ± 0.4 parts per billion per year in 2020 despite a probable decrease in anthropogenic methane emissions during COVID-19 lockdowns1. Here we quantify changes in methane sources and in its atmospheric sink in 2020 compared with 2019. We find that, globally, total anthropogenic emissions decreased by 1.2 ± 0.1 teragrams of methane per year (Tg CH4 yr-1), fire emissions decreased by 6.5 ± 0.1 Tg CH4 yr-1 and wetland emissions increased by 6.0 ± 2.3 Tg CH4 yr-1. Tropospheric OH concentration decreased by 1.6 ± 0.2 per cent relative to 2019, mainly as a result of lower anthropogenic nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions and associated lower free tropospheric ozone during pandemic lockdowns2. From atmospheric inversions, we also infer that global net emissions increased by 6.9 ± 2.1 Tg CH4 yr-1 in 2020 relative to 2019, and global methane removal from reaction with OH decreased by 7.5 ± 0.8 Tg CH4 yr-1. Therefore, we attribute the methane growth rate anomaly in 2020 relative to 2019 to lower OH sink (53 ± 10 per cent) and higher natural emissions (47 ± 16 per cent), mostly from wetlands. In line with previous findings3,4, our results imply that wetland methane emissions are sensitive to a warmer and wetter climate and could act as a positive feedback mechanism in the future. Our study also suggests that nitrogen oxide emission trends need to be taken into account when implementing the global anthropogenic methane emissions reduction pledge5.

Using machine learning models to predict the duration of the recovery of COVID-19 patients hospitalized in Fangcang shelter hospital during the Omicron BA. 2.2 pandemic.

Background: Factors that may influence the recovery of patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection hospitalized in the Fangcang shelter were explored, and machine learning models were constructed to predict the duration of recovery during the Omicron BA. 2.2 pandemic. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted at Hongqiao National Exhibition and Convention Center Fangcang shelter (Shanghai, China) from April 9, 2022 to April 25, 2022. The demographics, clinical data, inoculation history, and recovery information of the 13,162 enrolled participants were collected. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify independent factors associated with 7-day recovery and 14-day recovery. Machine learning algorithms (DT, SVM, RF, DT/AdaBoost, AdaBoost, SMOTEENN/DT, SMOTEENN/SVM, SMOTEENN/RF, SMOTEENN+DT/AdaBoost, and SMOTEENN/AdaBoost) were used to build models for predicting 7-day and 14-day recovery. Results: Of the 13,162 patients in the study, the median duration of recovery was 8 days (interquartile range IQR, 6-10 d), 41.31% recovered within 7 days, and 94.83% recovered within 14 days. Univariate analysis showed that the administrative region, age, cough medicine, comorbidities, diabetes, coronary artery disease (CAD), hypertension, number of comorbidities, CT value of the ORF gene, CT value of the N gene, ratio of ORF/IC, and ratio of N/IC were associated with a duration of recovery within 7 days. Age, gender, vaccination dose, cough medicine, comorbidities, diabetes, CAD, hypertension, number of comorbidities, CT value of the ORF gene, CT value of the N gene, ratio of ORF/IC, and ratio of N/IC were related to a duration of recovery within 14 days. In the multivariable analysis, the receipt of two doses of the vaccination vs. unvaccinated (OR = 1.118, 95% CI = 1.003-1.248; p = 0.045), receipt of three doses of the vaccination vs. unvaccinated (OR = 1.114, 95% CI = 1.004-1.236; p = 0.043), diabetes (OR = 0.383, 95% CI = 0.194-0.749; p = 0.005), CAD (OR = 0.107, 95% CI = 0.016-0.421; p = 0.005), hypertension (OR = 0.371, 95% CI = 0.202-0.674; p = 0.001), and ratio of N/IC (OR = 3.686, 95% CI = 2.939-4.629; p < 0.001) were significantly and independently associated with a duration of recovery within 7 days. Gender (OR = 0.736, 95% CI = 0.63-0.861; p < 0.001), age (30-70) (OR = 0.738, 95% CI = 0.594-0.911; p < 0.001), age (>70) (OR = 0.38, 95% CI = 0292-0.494; p < 0.001), receipt of three doses of the vaccination vs. unvaccinated (OR = 1.391, 95% CI = 1.12-1.719; p = 0.0033), cough medicine (OR = 1.509, 95% CI = 1.075-2.19; p = 0.023), and symptoms (OR = 1.619, 95% CI = 1.306-2.028; p < 0.001) were significantly and independently associated with a duration of recovery within 14 days. The SMOTEEN/RF algorithm performed best, with an accuracy of 90.32%, sensitivity of 92.22%, specificity of 88.31%, F1 score of 90.71%, and AUC of 89.75% for the 7-day recovery prediction; and an accuracy of 93.81%, sensitivity of 93.40%, specificity of 93.81%, F1 score of 93.42%, and AUC of 93.53% for the 14-day recovery prediction. Conclusion: Age and vaccination dose were factors robustly associated with accelerated recovery both on day 7 and day 14 from the onset of disease during the Omicron BA. 2.2 wave. The results suggest that the SMOTEEN/RF-based model could be used to predict the probability of 7-day and 14-day recovery from the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 infection for COVID-19 prevention and control policy in other regions or countries. This may also help to generate external validation for the model.

Smoking modulates different secretory subpopulations expressing SARS-CoV-2 entry genes in the nasal and bronchial airways.

SARS-CoV-2 infection and disease severity are influenced by viral entry (VE) gene expression patterns in the airway epithelium. The similarities and differences of VE gene expression (ACE2, TMPRSS2, and CTSL) across nasal and bronchial compartments have not been fully characterized using matched samples from large cohorts. Gene expression data from 793 nasal and 1673 bronchial brushes obtained from individuals participating in lung cancer screening or diagnostic workup revealed that smoking status (current versus former) was the only clinical factor significantly and reproducibly associated with VE gene expression. The expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 was higher in smokers in the bronchus but not in the nose. scRNA-seq of nasal brushings indicated that ACE2 co-expressed genes were highly expressed in club and C15orf48+ secretory cells while TMPRSS2 co-expressed genes were highly expressed in keratinizing epithelial cells. In contrast, these ACE2 and TMPRSS2 modules were highly expressed in goblet cells in scRNA-seq from bronchial brushings. Cell-type deconvolution of the gene expression data confirmed that smoking increased the abundance of several secretory cell populations in the bronchus, but only goblet cells in the nose. The association of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 with smoking in the bronchus is due to their high expression in goblet cells which increase in abundance in current smoker airways. In contrast, in the nose, these genes are not predominantly expressed in cell populations modulated by smoking. In individuals with elevated lung cancer risk, smoking-induced VE gene expression changes in the nose likely have minimal impact on SARS-CoV-2 infection, but in the bronchus, smoking may lead to higher viral loads and more severe disease.

COVID-19 and Gut Injury.

COVID-19 induced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is currently a pandemic and it has led to more than 620 million patients with 6.56 million deaths globally. Males are more susceptible to COVID-19 infection and associated with a higher chance to develop severe COVID-19 than females. Aged people are at a high risk of COVID-19 infection, while young children have also increased cases. COVID-19 patients typically develop respiratory system pathologies, however symptoms in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract are also very common. Inflammatory cell recruitments and their secreted cytokines are found in the GI tract in COVID-19 patients. Microbiota changes are the key feature in COVID-19 patients with gut injury. Here, we review all current known mechanisms of COVID-19-induced gut injury, and the most acceptable one is that SARS-CoV-2 binds to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor on host cells in the GI tract. Interestingly, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an inflammatory disorder, but the patients with IBD do not have the increased risk to develop COVID-19. There is currently no cure for COVID-19, but anti-viruses and monoclonal antibodies reduce viral load and shorten the recovery time of the disease. We summarize current therapeutics that target symptoms in the GI tract, including probiotics, ACE2 inhibitors and nutrients. These are promising therapeutic options for COVID-19-induced gut injury.

Mechanisms and strategies for operation of fever clinics in a general hospital during prevention and control of COVID-19

OBJECTIVE: To explore the mechanisms and strategies for operation of fever clinics of a general hospital during prevention and control of COVID-19. METHODS: The working characteristics and management modes of the fever clinic of the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital were analyzed and summarized during the period of normalized prevention and control without cases and the period with local outbreak. RESULTS: During the period of normalized prevention and control, strict pre-job admission was carried out, the new recruits must pass the qualification test for special positions, the daily training was intensified, the treatment procedures were optimized, the step of identification of infectious diseases was moved forward to the triage;the closed-loop management of information was improved, the links such as identification of infectious diseases, treatment warning, prewarning and reporting have been achieved, and the standard prevention measures were taken. During the period of local outbreak, the application for demand of personnel and prevention supplies was put forward, fever clinic was designed and expanded, supporting personnel was trained, shifts were reasonably arranged, supervisors were added, and 24-hour logistic shifts wee also added. Zero infection of health care workers and zero case of nosocomial infection were achieved during the prevention and control of epidemic. CONCLUSION: The fever clinic is an outpost of prevention and control of infectious diseases. Combined with the characteristics, it is recommended that the construction of departments, personnel management and hardware configuration should be solidified and promoted.

Potato Processing Industry in China: Current Scenario, Future Trends and Global Impact

  Potatoes play an important role in ensuring food security. During the COVID-19 epidemic, consumption of processed potato products decreased, and consumption of fresh potatoes increased. China is the world’s largest potato producer with more than 4.81 million hectares of area under potato production and 90.32 million metric tonnes of potatoes produced in 2018. This accounts for 27.36% of the world’s planting area and 24.53% of the world’s potato production. The proportion of potatoes processed in China was about 12% in 2017, mostly dominated by starch production. However, the recent policy of the Chinese government to popularise potato as a staple food has created new markets for processed potato products other than starch. A very few reports have analysed these future trends of the rapidly growing Chinese potato processing industry and its impact within and outside China. This paper provides an overview of the latest developments with a focus on processed potato products such as potato chips, French fries and dehydrated potatoes, and also, due to the unique Chinese diet culture, it highlights the need for more scientific research dedicated towards the development of novel potato-based healthy foods.

Evaluation of a novel multiplex qPCR method for rapid detection and quantification of pathogens associated with calf diarrhoea.

AIMS: Diarrhoea is a common health problem in calves and a main reason for use of antimicrobials. It is associated with several bacterial, viral and parasitic pathogens, most of which are commonly present in healthy animals. Methods, which quantify the causative agents, may therefore improve confidence in associating a pathogen to the disease. This study evaluated a novel commercially available, multiplex quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay (Enterit4Calves) for detection and quantification of pathogens associated with calf-diarrhoea. METHODS AND RESULTS: Performance of the method was first evaluated under laboratory conditions. Then it was compared with current routine methods for detection of pathogens in faecal samples from 65 calves with diarrhoea and in 30 spiked faecal samples. The qPCR efficiencies were between 84%-103% and detection limits of 100-1000 copies of nucleic acids per sample were observed. Correct identification was obtained on 42 strains of cultured target bacteria, with only one false positive reaction from 135 nontarget bacteria. Kappa values for agreement between the novel assay and current routine methods varied between 0.38 and 0.83. CONCLUSION: The novel qPCR method showed good performance under laboratory conditions and a fair to good agreement with current routine methods when used for testing of field samples. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY: In addition to having fair to good detection abilities, the novel qPCR method allowed quantification of pathogens. In the future, use of quantification may improve diagnosis and hence treatment of calf diarrhoea.

The Effects of COVID-19 on Geriatric Hip Fracture Management and 1-Year Mortality in Beijing.

OBJECTIVES: Concerns about the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic resulted in unprecedented challenges to the management of geriatric hip fractures. We aimed to evaluate the effects of the COVID-19 surge on the time to surgery and 1 year mortality in geriatric patients with hip fracture at a large, urban Level 1 trauma center in Beijing, and to guide the management of geriatric hip fracture patients throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: This single-center retrospective study included consecutive patients aged ≥65 years and injured 3 weeks prior to admission. Demographic and surgical data were collected between January 20 and May 31, 2020, and from the same period in 2019. Mortality data and functional status were collected at follow-up of 1-year after surgery. The primary outcomes were time to surgery and 1 year mortality. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in sex, fracture type, and surgical pattern between the 2020 (n = 261) and 2019 time-matched (n = 307) cohorts. The time from admission to surgery was significantly delayed in the 2020 cohort compared with that in the 2019 cohort (48.9 h vs 20.5 h, p < 0.001). Fewer patients underwent surgery within 48 h in the 2020 cohort (65.5% vs 87.6%, p < 0.001). Surgical delay was also associated with an increased risk of inpatient complications (30.2% vs 20.8%, p = 0.010), however there was no significant difference in the 1-year mortality rate, nor between pre-injury and 1 year follow-up mobility as assessed by Parker score. Only approximately half of the patients in both groups completely returned to their pre-injury mobility levels. CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly increased the surgery waiting time for geriatric patients with hip fractures, which resulted in increased inpatient complications without a higher mortality rate within 1 year. This reinforces the importance of maintaining timely and protocolized care for geriatric hip fractures throughout any subsequent waves of the pandemic.

Effect of Lockdown and Mass Testing for the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Epidemic on Reducing New Infections in Shenzhen, China.

On 14 March 2022, China's tech hub Shenzhen, a mega-city with more than 18 million inhabitants, imposed a one-week citywide lockdown immediately after it observed a surge in infections. We assessed the effect of this one-week lockdown, coupled with mass testing, on reducing the daily number of new confirmed cases and asymptomatic cases during the Omicron wave, using an interrupted time series analysis approach. Our analysis suggests that the one-week citywide lockdown in Shenzhen was effective at lowering both daily new confirmed cases and asymptomatic cases during the Omicron wave. Early detection ensures timely isolation and treatment of infected patients in designated hospitals, and therefore helps lower the prevalence of confirmed cases and asymptomatic cases. Our findings of the immediate increase in asymptomatic cases after lockdown warrant further verifications in other city epidemic scenarios.

An ultra-sensitive and specific nanoplasmonic-enhanced isothermal amplification platform for the ultrafast point-of-care testing of SARS-CoV-2.

The novel mutations attributed by the high mutagenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 makes its prevention and treatment challenging. Developing an ultra-fast, point-of-care-test (POCT) protocol is critical for responding to large-scale spread of SARS-CoV-2 in public places and in resource-poor remote areas. Here, we developed a nanoplasmonic enhanced isothermal amplification (NanoPEIA) strategy that combines a nanoplasmonic sensor with isothermal amplification. The novel strategy provides an ideal easy-to operate detection platform for obtaining accurate, ultra-fast and high-throughput (96 samples can be tested together) data. For clinical samples with viral detection at Ct value <25, the entire process (including sample preparation, virus lysis, detection, and data analysis) can be completed within six minutes. The method is also appropriate for detection of SARS-CoV-2 γ-coronavirus mutants. The NanoPEIA method was validated using clinical samples from 21 patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection and 31 healthy individuals. The detection result on the 52 clinical samples for SARS-CoV-2 showed that the NanoPEIA platform had a 100% sensitivity for N and orf1ab genes, which was higher than those obtained using RT-qPCR (88.9% and 90.0%, respectively). The specificities of 31 clinical negative samples were 92.3% and 91.7% for the N gene and the orf1ab gene, respectively. The limits of detection (LoD) of the clinical samples were 28.3 copies/mL and 23.3 copies/mL for the N gene and the orf1ab gene, respectively. The efficient NanoPEIA detection strategy facilitates real-time detection and visualization within ultrashort durations and can be applied for POCT diagnosis in resource-poor and highly populated areas.

Production of Inhalable Ultra-Small Particles for Delivery of Anti-Inflammation Medicine via a Table-Top Microdevice.

A table-top microdevice was introduced in this work to produce ultrasmall particles for drug delivery via inhalation. The design and operation are similar to that of spray-drying equipment used in industry, but the device itself is much smaller and more portable in size, simpler to operate and more economical. More importantly, the device enables more accurate control over particle size. Using Flavopiridol, an anti-inflammation medication, formulations have been developed to produce inhalable particles for pulmonary delivery. A solution containing the desired components forms droplets by passing through an array of micro-apertures that vibrate via a piezo-electrical driver. High-purity nitrogen gas was introduced and flew through the designed path, which included the funnel collection and cyclone chamber, and finally was pumped away. The gas carried and dried the micronized liquid droplets along the pathway, leading to the precipitation of dry solid microparticles. The formation of the cyclone was essential to assure the sufficient travel path length of the liquid droplets to allow drying. Synthesis parameters were optimized to produce microparticles, whose morphology, size, physio-chemical properties, and release profiles met the criteria for inhalation. Bioactivity assays have revealed a high degree of anti-inflammation. The above-mentioned approach enabled the production of inhalable particles in research laboratories in general, using the simple table-top microdevice. The microparticles enable the inhalable delivery of anti-inflammation medicine to the lungs, thus providing treatment for diseases such as pulmonary fibrosis and COVID-19.