ABSTRACT
This chapter explores the relationship between copyright education and broader digital and information literacy initiatives. It traces the development of the term copyright literacy and explores the extent to which it has become recognised within the library and information profession and elsewhere. The authors run the website copyrightliteracy.org and share their insights into why copyright literacy matters and how it relates to other aspects of information and digital literacy. They highlight the relevance of copyright as part of digital education initiatives, particularly since the COVID-19 pandemic and rapid shift to online learning, and provide two case studies from their institutions which demonstrate how to approach copyright literacy from both practical and strategic perspectives. Copyright laws were developed to encourage creation of cultural expressions and socially beneficial information such as scholarly communication. Copyright law attempts to do this by providing authors, artists and creators with exclusive rights that allow them or their representatives to decide how their work is copied and disseminated. However, the copyright space is highly contested with opposing voices from the creative and media industries, author/artist representative bodies, the technology sector and civil society groups taking quite different positions. At times it seems the stakeholder groups are locked in a perpetual battle. The greatest concern about copyright within the library, education and cultural heritage sectors is that it presents a barrier. This chapter therefore explores the value of critical copyright literacy as a way of addressing copyright in contested space and involves an analysis of the cultural, social and economic implications of the copyright system. Library users are likely to be both consumers and creators of copyright works and often draw on the experience of librarians to guide them. The chapter explores the role played by librarians in developing critical approaches, and the tensions encountered where colleagues and library users expect them to provide clear direction on how to access and use information. The final section reviews the practical application of the principles discussed through two case studies: the University of Kent Copyright Literacy Strategy and the City, University of London module in Digital Literacies and Open Practice. ©2022 the author(s), published by De Gruyter.
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Purpose of Study The majority of documented SARS-CoV2 infections in children have been mild illnesses. The highest frequency of infection is documented in children between the ages of 5 -17 years;with the incidence of SARS-CoV2 being the highest in adolescents aged 12-17 years. Severe respiratory complications and a multi-system inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C) have been documented in pediatrics. There is very limited information about pediatric hematology and oncology patients in the United States, actively undergoing therapy, and how SARS-CoV2 affects them. Louisiana was an early 'hotspot' for SARS-CoV2 with its first documented infection on March 9, 2020. We present our institutional experience with SARS-CoV2 and pediatric hematology-oncology patients. Methods Used A retrospective chart review was performed on all pediatric hematology-oncology patients who were actively being treated at Children's Hospital of New Orleans between March 9, 2020, through December 15, 2020. Any patient who had a positive SARS-CoV2 test was included in the chart review. Information including demographics, signs, and symptoms at the time of testing, hospitalization, medications, diagnosis, and treatment was obtained. The institutional review board at Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans approved this study. Summary of Results Between March 9, 2020 and December 15, 2020, 15,404 patients were tested for SARS-CoV2 at Children's Hospital of New Orleans;628 children tested positive. Ten of those children had a pediatric hematological or oncological diagnosis. The mean age of the pediatric hematology- oncology patients was 7.9 years, and 80% were female. Ten percent of the patients identified as Hispanic. Forty percent were African American. Of the 10, four children (40%) had a diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and all were actively undergoing chemotherapy. One of the ten total children had undergone a bone marrow transplant. Five (50%) were hospitalized;2 (20%) with severe infections requiring PICU admission and 3 (30%) patients were treated for MIS-C with SARS-CoV2 specific therapy including Remdesivir, steroids, and Tocilizumab. One of our patients died from SARSCoV2 related complications. Conclusions Pediatric hematology-oncology patients are a heterogeneous group of patients, and little was known about how SARS-CoV2 would affect these patients. Of the 15,404 patients tested for SARS-CoV2 at CHNOLA, there were 628 that tested positive between March 9, 2020, and December 15, 2020. 1.6% of those had an oncology or hematology diagnosis. Most of our pediatric hematology oncology patients did not require hospitalization and did not require treatment. There was one patient who died of SARS-CoV2 related complications.
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Background: Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, telemedicine was a strategy to expand patient care during quarantine. However, there is little data on how this transition may have impacted weight loss outcomes and practices among patients with overweight/obesity. Methods: This retrospective observational study of adults who established care at the Weill Cornell Comprehensive Weight Control Center during September-November 2019 and May-July 2020 explored weight loss outcomes and weight management practices over 6 months of follow-up. Results: Of 516 charts eligible for review, 245 (47.5%) were included for analysis after excluding patients who failed to return for a follow-up visit within 6 ± 3 months or who were missing relevant data. Of 245 patients, 69 had in-person visits only ('in-person'), 91 had video visits only ('video'), and 85 started in-person and later switched to video visits ('hybrid'). All cohorts were predominantly white and female. Median ages were 56, 49, and 49 years, and baseline median weights were 98.9, 96.8, and 93.0kg for in-person, video, and hybrid cohorts, respectively. The median percent weight losses were not significantly different among cohorts: 4.3% [-8.5, -1.5] in the in-person cohort, 5.8% [-9.7, -2.4] in the video cohort, and 5.7% [-8.7, -2.2] in the hybrid group. The percent of patients who achieved ≥5% weight loss were also similar: 46.4%, 59.3%, and 55.3%, respectively. The median number of visits were 4 [3,4] for the in-person cohort, 4 [3,6] for the hybrid cohort, and 5 [4,7] for the video visit cohort. Median number of anti-obesity medications (AOMs) prescribed was 1 [1,2] for the in-person cohort and 2 [1, 2] for both the hybrid and video cohorts. The most common AOMs were metformin (all cohorts) followed by semaglutide (in-person and video) or topiramate (hybrid). Conclusions: Video visits are an effective weight management strategy and require further exploration to compare to in-person care.
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Purpose: A government funded;interactive cloud storage platform (www.vcreate.tv/neuro) allowing patients and carers to upload video and linked metadata for neurological diagnosis was established during the Covid-19 pandemic. We describe the utility for epilepsy and paroxysmal disorders in 16 centres with the first centre active from 01/05/2020. Method: Users are invited to register and utilise a password and passcode for access. Videos are uploaded with a structured history. The clinician classifies seizure type, syndrome, aetiology or other diagnosis using drop-down menus. Users and clinicians complete online evaluations. Postcode allows linkage to user index of deprivation score. Consents for teaching by the local clinical team and research within a national neurology video research database with research ethics approval are optional. All data, except the video file, transfer to the electronic patient record. Result: To 24/03/2021, 4582 video uploads (4024 paediatric, 558 adult), 1889 patients (1594 paediatric, 295 adult). 400-600 new videos per month. 323 physician and nurse users. Deprivation scores indicate equitable use across socio-economic groups. Paediatric classification: non-epileptic 55%, epileptic (36.5%), unknown (8.5%). Adult: non-epileptic 73.5% (34% dissociative, 41% movement disorders), epileptic 11%, unknown 15.5%. Paediatric seizure types include: focal impaired awareness (19%), generalised tonic clonic (18%), focal clonic (17%), epileptic spasms (13%). Non-epileptic events: tics (13%), normal behaviour (12%), sleep myoclonus (10%) gratification (8%), dissociative (5%). >95% carers ranked the system positively. Clinicians report video prevented face-to-face review in 57%, investigations in 44% and reduced time to diagnosis in 97%. Median time to review video and classify was 5 minutes. Conclusions: Remote care is facilitated, investigations prevented or prioritised, with rapid diagnosis and efficiencies in the patient pathway. A rapidly growing teaching resource and research database for semiology and machine learning diagnostics for paroxysmal disorders has been established. We plan to establish the system in low-income countries without cost.
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Introduction: The re-deployment of anaesthetic trainees to support COVID-19 patients in intensive care, reduced elective surgery and pauses to trainee rotations1 have affected access to training. The 2020 PATRN swift survey examined the impact on UK paediatric anaesthetic training following the first wave of the pandemic. Method: Sixteen questions, designed by the PATRN committee, focussed on trainee experience of paediatric anaesthesia from March-August 2020. Paediatric anaesthesia experience in the UK occurs at all stages with the option for an 'advanced' module. The survey was reviewed by members of the Association of Paediatric Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland (APAGBI) Scientific Committee before distribution. Distribution was via email to UK traineesy College Tutors through The Royal College of Anaesthetists (RCOA) and APAGBI trainee members from December 2020March 2021. Results: 90/170 (53%) of respondents were due to complete a paediatric training module, representing all stages of training. Only 23% (n=21) remained working in paediatric anaesthesia, mainly trainees completing higher or advanced modules (n=19). The majority of trainees who experienced disruption with re-deployment was to support adult intensive care (33/69;48%). Most trainees felt they had insufficient paediatric experience for progression of training (37/69;54%) and did not have enough cases to achieve module completion (32/66;48%). This was due to re-deployment or a lack of elective training lists. Conclusion: Paediatric anaesthesia is a 'hands-on' specialty and requires experience for confidence. New annual competency progression outcomes2 have been created to identify missed training due to COVID-19. There will be an impact in the short-term for covering on-call cases and longer term on workforce if training extensions result in delays to completion. Access to training needs to be prioritised, especially for junior trainees most affected by re-deployment. There should be ongoing discussions nationally on how to address these issues.
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Immune homeostasis is the state where the immune system maintains stability in the absence of insult. Much of the analysis of immune homeostasis has focused on systemic immunity, but it is also likely to be important in an organ specific manner. There is evidence that homeostatic immunity can affect subsequent responses to infection or vaccination. Since the lungs are a major site of infection, we used the Collaborative Cross (CC) mouse genetic reference population to study the genetic regulation of the breadth of baseline immune cell populations in the lung and identify loci regulating these cells at the steady state. We found that all immune cell populations measured showed strong genetic (i.e. strain-specific) variation in cell type abundances. We identified 12 quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with variation in 12 immune cell populations or the relationships between cell populations. Given the role of various immune cells in the lungs during respiratory virus pathogenesis, we asked whether any of the mapped QTL correlated with influenza A virus (IAV) or Severe acute respiratory syndrome associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) disease following infection in the same strains of mice. Notably, a locus we mapped for baseline abundance of CD8+ T cells in the lungs was associated with peak weight loss following IAV infection. Additionally, a locus mapped for variation in Ly6C+ monocyte/macrophage abundance was associated with SARS-CoV titer at days 2 and 4 post-infection. These data suggest that abundance of lung leukocyte populations prior to infection could serve as predictors of immune responses to respiratory viruses.