Undergraduate Research and Education in Quantum Machine Learning

This Work-In-Progress paper describes a program in quantum machine learning launched in the academic year of 2021-22. The program engaged undergraduate students from STEM areas with faculty and industry mentors. Because of the COVID-19 conditions, this undergraduate engagement was offered in a virtual format. In 2022, some face-to-face meetings with presentations were also held. The program included: a) training in machine learning with quantum simulators, b) weekly presentations, and c) semester end presentations. The assessment of the program included surveys, interviews, and presentation observations. Challenges and opportunities from virtual engagement were also part of the assessment. © 2022 IEEE.

Quantum Machine Learning for Audio Classification with Applications to Healthcare

Accessible rapid COVID-19 testing continues to be necessary and several studies involving deep neural network (DNN) methods for detection have been published. As part of a sponsored NSF I/UCRC project, our team explored the use of deep learning algorithms for recognizing COVID-19 related cough audio signatures. More specifically, we have worked with several DNN algorithms and cough audio databases and reported results with the VGG-13 architecture. In this paper, we report a study on the use of quantum neural networks for audio signature detection and classification. A hybrid quantum neural network (QNN) model for COVID-19 cough classification is developed. The design of the QNN simulation architecture is described and results are given with and without quantum noise. Comparative results between classical and quantum neural network methods for COVID-19 audio detection are also presented. © 2022 IEEE.

COVID Infection Among Kidney Transplant Recipient During the Era of COVID Vaccination: Management Outcomes

Purpose: COVID pandemic has posed a significant challenge among kidney transplant recipients (KTR) due to their immunocompromised state. There is uncertainty on immunosuppression (IS) management among those who have COVID infection. We sought to better understand the clinical course, management, and outcomes of our KTR who developed COVID infection during the period when COVID vaccine was more readily available. We also investigated the impact of vaccination status on COVID infection. Method(s): Single-center experience of COVID infected KTR. Baseline demographics, clinical data, COVID vaccination status, management, and outcomes were obtained by manual chart ion of the EMR. Result(s): 83 KTR had COVID infection. Mean age was 54 years;57% were males and 53% were African American. 47% of the patients were >3 years post-transplant. Interestingly, the proportion of COVID-infected patients who were unvaccinated and vaccinated with 2 doses were similar (42% vs 39%;p=NS) and the proportion of asymptomatic patients who were unvaccinated and vaccinated were also similar (47% vs. 53%;p=NS). Respiratory symptom was the most common manifestation (69%);49 patients (59%) required hospitalization. Mean length of stay was 15 days;19 (23%) required ICU admission and 14 (17%) required mechanical ventilation;26 developed AKI with about half requiring RRT;only 2 (18%) patients requiring RRT had renal recovery. The majority of admitted patients received dexamethasone and antibiotics. For IS management, 53% had MMF held or reduced while only 11% had CNI dose reduced;17 patients (20%) died. In multivariable modeling, only age (OR 1.1, 1.02-1.19;p=0.020) and AA race (OR 5.4, 0.73-40.2;p=0.097) were associated with risk of death. Induction, sex, BMI, and vaccination status were not significant predictors. There were no subsequent acute rejections or graft losses in those who recovered. Conclusion(s): KTR represent a vulnerable patient population for COVID infection. Due to their immunocompromised state and often more severe clinical presentation, with majority requiring hospitalization, ICU admission, and mechanical ventilation. In this single center study, COVID vaccination did not seem to have an appreciable impact on the incidence of COVID infection and presentation. It is unclear what impact immunosuppression dose reductions had on the COVID clinical course, but these reductions did not appear to increase risk of rejection or graft loss.

Comparison of Outcomes and Management of COVID Infection Among Kidney Transplant Recipients Between Pre-Vaccination Rollout Era and Post-Vaccination Rollout Era

Purpose: The COVID pandemic has posed a significant challenge among kidney transplant recipients (KTR) due to their immunocompromised states. The effects of COVID vaccination on KTRs are uncertain. We sought to better understand the clinical course, management, and outcomes of KTRs who developed COVID infection during the pre-and post-COVID vaccine rollout periods. We also compared whether there was a difference in patient outcomes or management of COVID infection between the two groups. Method(s): This was a single-center study of KTRs who were infected with COVID. Baseline demographics, clinical parameters, COVID vaccination status, management, and outcomes were obtained by manual chart ion of the electronic medical records. Result(s): We studied a total of 134 KTRs in the pre-vaccination era and 83 KTRs after vaccination rollout who had COVID infections. The mean age of the patients was 54 years in both groups, and there was a greater proportion of African American KTRs in the pre-vaccination rollout era (70% vs. 53%, P=.02). No statistically significant differences were found among sex, BMI, or induction agents. In the pre-vaccination era, KTRs were more likely to present with fever (71% vs. 51%, P<.001). No statistically significant differences were observed in the onset of COVID infection after transplant, ICU admission, the requirement of mechanical ventilation therapy, incidence of AKI (acute kidney injury), requirement of renal replacement therapy (RRT), or incidence of acute rejection. For COVID infection management, KTRs in the post-vaccination rollout era were more likely to be treated with dexamethasone (47% vs. 32%, P=.035) . No statistically significant difference was found in the proportion of patients who required reduction or discontinuation of immunosuppressive agents. In the pre-vaccination era, KTRs were more likely to recover from acute kidney injury (57% vs, 25%, P=.01). No statistically significant difference was found in mortality between groups, but the risk of death was almost twice a high in the post-vaccination rollout era (21% vs. 12%). Conclusion(s): In this single-center case-control study, COVID vaccination rollout did not seem to have an appreciable impact on the incidence of hospitalization, ICU admission, AKI, RRT requirement, or mortality. Mortality risk among KTRs in the post-vaccination rollout era was almost twice as high as it was in the pre-vaccination rollout era, although there was no statistically significant difference, which might be due to low statistical power. The lack of improved outcomes of KTRs in the postvaccination rollout remains unclear. A combination of suboptimal immunogenic response to vaccination and the Delta variant surge could be a possibility.

A case of severe rhabdomyolysis associated with COVID-19 infection without AKI

Introduction: We present a case of severe rhabdomyolysis associated with COVID-19 infection without acute kidney injury (AKI). Case Description: A 43 year-old African American male with a history of medicationinduced rhabdomyolysis 6 years ago, renal cell carcinoma status post partial right nephrectomy, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and morbid obesity presented to emergency department with upper respiratory symptoms, myalgia and discoloration of urine for one week. He reported taking atorvastatin and diltiazem for a long time but has neverdeveloped myalgia. There was no family history of myopathies, or binge alcohol intake beforehand. On physical examination, patient was hypertensive, euvolemic, and afebrile, with normal oxygenation. Chest x-ray showed subtle increased interstitial reticulation in the perihilar regions and COVID-19 rapid test returned positive. Laboratory data showed very high creatine kinase (CK) (208,456 U/L). Urinalysis showed trace proteinuria, large blood but only few red blood cells and confirmed myoglobinuria. However, his creatinine was normal (0.8 mg/dL), as well as serum calcium (8.4 mg/dL), phosphate (3.9 mg/dL), and uric acid (5.2mg/dL) levels. Patient was admitted for treatment of assumed severe rhabdomyolysis. COVID-19 was treated conservatively with oxygen supplementation. Atorvastatin and diltiazem were held, and normal saline and isotonic sodium bicarbonate fluids were administered. CK continued to rise with a peak of 499,020 U/L on day 3, but decreased steadily to 58,745 U/L on day 7. Renal function remained stable all the time during the treatment (serum Cr 0.68 - 0.82 mg/dL), with maintained urine output and well-preserved electrolytes and uric acid levels throughout. Discussion: There are increasing number of reports of COVID-19-associated rhabdomyolysis, but risk factors and characteristics are fairly known. The clinical and laboratory manifestations are suggestive of COVID-19 associated rhabodmyolysis rather than statin-induced. We are not aware of any other reports documenting such extreme CK values - with a proper rise and fall of CK - without impacting renal function. As far as we know, this is the first case of COVID-19 associated rhabdomyolysis with peak CK of 499,020 U/L, without AKI and concurrent electrolyte abnormalities. The relationship to COVID-19 vs. individual genetic susceptibility remains to be explored.